9 
Eugene — it seems that later compositions are in the literary style 
that belongs to writing. At least, not one of the early settlers 
was endowed with the jongleur tradition, for we lack any historic 
reference to the art or any native song disclosing the presence of 
jongleur traditions in the New World. The troubadours died out 
in the fourteenth century; the jongleurs seem to have vanished 
in the sixteenth. 
LE PRINCE D’ORANGE (Page 31) 
LE PRINCE EUGENE (Page 34) 
The old repertory of folk-songs is quite varied. It does not 
consist, like that of the Mediterranean border, of lyric songs 
exclusively, nor of narratives and ballads, like that of Scandi- 
navia. But it is mixed, both types being generously represented. 
The ballads and narratives of the North sea belong to 
Normandy and northern France. Some of them slipped across 
the oil frontier in central France into the southern provinces; 
some few passed the mountains into Spain and northern Italy — 
“Le Roi Renaud,” for instance. The lyric songs thrived in 
southern France and on the Loire river, and invaded Normandy 
at an early date. In spite of this ready interchange, ballads in 
France remain northern to this day, whereas the lyric poem is 
typical of the provinces to the south. This is the outcome of 
ancient classic culture, more philosophic and abstract in its 
trends, more firmly rooted in southern France than in the north. 
This contrast between northern and southern France assumed 
particular significance when it was found that the eastern dis- 
tricts of Quebec had far more ballads and complaintes (come- 
all-ye’s) than those of Montreal, to the southwest. Quebec 
proper is predominantly Norman, whereas Montreal owes more 
to the Loire river. The earliest immigrants after 1608 and 1634 
embarked for New France at Honfleur, Havre, and St. Malo, 
on the British channel, and settled in the neighbourhood of 
Quebec. Many of the others, after 1642, sailed from La Ro- 
chelle, on the Atlantic, and proceeded to the upper river settle- 
ments of Three Rivers and Montreal. This diversity of origin 
has left many traces to this day. The singers of Charlevoix and 
Gaspe to the northeast differ from the others; they are the 
Canadian Normans. Their songs have an archaic tang, and 
