7 
teeth in perfect alinement: in twenty the incisors were slightly out of 
alinement; in eight markedly out; and in six they were in extreme dis- 
arrangement. The front teeth, then, of thirty-four (79 per cent) of these 
forty-three individuals were to a greater or less extent in mis-alinement. 
This proportion is comparable with that for Chipewyan Indians, of whom 
approximately 70 per cent had irregular incisor teeth. 
The teeth were systematically examined for caries. If any teeth 
were found to be decayed or missing their appropriate spaces were scored 
across on prepared blank forms. Though incipient trouble may easily 
have escaped notice, it is not probable that any cavity of appreciable size 
or that any missing tooth went unnoticed. It was not at all unusual to 
find among Beaver Indians, as it was among Indians examined elsewhere, 
a number of the middle aged and old whose third molar teeth had never 
erupted. These individuals state they have never had a tooth extracted 
or drop out. Rudimentary third molars have also been observed. From 
Appendix III on page 32 the details of the distribution of the decayed 
teeth may be seen. From this appendix it has been calculated that 
72 per cent of the twenty-nine Beaver men (ages 20 to 59 years) had sound 
teeth. The eight who made up the remaining 28 per cent had among 
them eighteen carious teeth. Only two of the six old men had sound teeth. 
The other four had among them twenty-one carious teeth. Seven of the 
eleven women had sound teeth; the remaining four had among them 
thirteen carious teeth. One of the two old women had ten carious teeth. 
The frequency with which the various teeth of the eight male and four 
female adult Beavers (ages 20 to 59 years) who suffered from caries were 
affected is shown on a percentage basis in the following table. The actual 
number of teeth affected was thirty-one. The calculations are made to 
full figures. 
Table VI 
Right side 
Left side 
Upper 
M s 
10 
23 
M s 
Mi 
Pni 2 
Pmi 
C 
U 
3 
Ii 
Iv 
u 
c 
Pmi 
Pm? 
M, 
Ms 
Ms 
6 
26 
Total 
19 
80 
Lower 
3 
6 
L. 
6 
16 
The thirty-one carious teeth found among the twelve adults of under 
sixty years were, with only one exception, molars; the exception being a 
lateral upper incisor. Lower teeth were affected more commonly than 
upper in the ratio of 81:19. This high ratio is no doubt accounted for 
by the smallness of the data, since in northeastern Manitoba where three 
hundred and nine carious teeth were detected the ratio was 70:30, and 
around lake Athabaska where one hundred and twenty-six carious teeth 
were detected the ratio was 63 :37. 
Among the thirty-five male and thirteen female Beavers the ring 
finger was, in all instances but one, longer or more projecting than the 
index; the exception being a man (No. 3) both of whose index fingers 
were equal in length to his ring fingers. He, therefore, was the one indi- 
vidual out of forty-eight who did not possess the primitive digital formula 
3 > 4 > 2 > 5 > l. 1 
'These observations were made by simple inspection; not by the precise instrumental methods recently em- 
ployed by George, who finds that in white people the ring finger is longer in 48 per cent, the index finger is longer 
in 33 per cent, and both of equal length in 19 per cent. George, R.: “Human Finger Types”; Anat. Rec., vol. 46, 
No. 2 (1930). 
