33 
That the manufacture of these hooks was difficult is shown by the 
number of broken, unfinished specimens as compared with those that are 
whole and completed. 
Although the presence of barbs on these hooks seems to show European 
influence, none of the hooks appears to have been made other than with 
stone tools. 
NETS 
The Iroquois from Stadacona, met by Cartier on the Gaspe coast in 
1534, used nets “made of hemp thread” (page 62), but no evidence of the 
use of nets and no net sinkers were found here. 
HOES 
Only a few' artifacts, found here, could have been used as hoes. These 
are the heavy antler objects illustrated in Plate XVII, figures 22, 23, and 
more fully described under “Problematical and Miscellaneous Objects”; a 
few' of them have one of the pointed ends distinctly polished as if from 
some such use. None of the large clam shells found here w r as adapted for 
the purpose and there is also no certain evidence that any of the stone 
adzes or celts w r ere ever used for the purpose. 
Probably wooden hoes w r ere used, as among the Iroquois of the lower 
St. LawTence. 1 
PREPARATION OF FOOD 
Specimens used in 
mullers, and pottery. 
the preparation of food consist of knives, mortars, 
KNIVES 
Some of the points chipped from stone (Plate I, figures 5 to 7), a 
long, narrow, leaf-shaped, knife-like blade in Mr. White s collection, and 
sharp-edged chert chips may have been mounted in handles for use as 
knives in cutting up meat. Some of the clam shells with sharp, ventral 
margins mav also have been used for the purpose; at least they aie as 
sharp as some of the points chipped from stone and wmuld be quite as 
serviceable. 
MORTARS 
Fifty stone mortars were found on the surface and in the refuse heaps 
of the site, but only a few r are whole. A few 7 of them are hollowed on 
both sides and one is of the flattened metate type.. They are mostly 
derived from flat slabs of granite, gneiss,, granite-gneiss, limestone, sand- 
stone, and quartzite, and are of various sizes, the smallest being 7 inches 
long, 4f inches wide, and 3f inches thick, and the largest, roughly square 
in outline, is 14 inches in diameter and 4 inches thick. One of the broken 
specimens had a basin-like hollow at least 2 inches deep. Guest describes 
a large specimen from the site, made of “ hornblendic gneiss/’ which “was 
hollow’ed out into a cavity of sixteen inches in length, twelve m breadth, 
iCartier (pp. 182-183) says: “They are by no means a laborious people and work the soil with short bits of wood 
about half a sword in length. With these they lioe their corn.” 
