52 
Seneca sites. Specimens have been found at sites of the same culture in 
Jefferson county, New York (Skinner, 4:130-131, and Parker, 6, Plate 36. 
figure 4), and in Vermont (Perkins, 3, Plate XXXIV), but none at 
Hochclaga. Ten specimens were discovered at what are probably early 
Huron sites in Victoria county, Ontario (Boyle, 14, tigures 6 to 8). 
KNIVES MADE OF INCISOR TEETH 
Besides being used as chisels, as mentioned above, forty-three incisor 
teeth of the beaver, six of the porcupine, and one of the woodchuck were 
made into two different kinds of blades for knives. One kind consists 
of teeth that have either been ground, or split and ground, from end to 
end until sharp on both edges of the tooth, in some cases being ground 
down to less than half their original thickness. Forty-one are of this 
type, eighteen of them being made of upper incisors and sixteen of lower 
incisors of the beaver, two of upper and four of lower incisors of the 
porcupine, and one of the lower incisor of the woodchuck, iiie other kind, 
of which nine were found, consists of split teeth, which, in addition to 
having the broken edges smoothed, have the chisel-like edge of the tooth 
rubbed down laterally to a point almost triangular in cross-section. The 
edges of knives of both kinds seem to have been dulled from continual use. 
’ Knives made of the same kind of teeth, especially those of_ the beaver, 
have been found at sites of the same culture as Roebuck in Jefferson 
county, New York (Beauchamp, 4, Figure 178), and in Vermont (Perkins, 
3, Plate XXXIV) ; at early Huron and Neutral sites in Ontario;, at an early 
Seneca site in Ontario county, New York (Parker, 4:28) ; and in Algonkian 
shell-heaps in Nova Scotia (Smith, 3, Plate XVI, figures 15-27). 
The method of manufacture of these knives from teeth can be learned 
from some of the specimens. As it was difficult to split the teeth lengthwise, 
especially the upper incisors, many were transformed into blades entirely 
by grinding, the incomplete specimens showing various stages of progress, 
from those that were only slightly ground on the inner, flat side of the 
tooth to others so thin that even the neural cavity was obliterated. Other 
teeth were split before they were ground. 
STONE KNIVES 
Knives were almost indispensable in shaping or carving wooden, bone, 
antler, and shell artifacts, but no stone artifacts specially made for the 
purpose were found. It is probable, however, that some of the arrow-points 
may on occasion have been used, and also sharp chips of chert and quartz 
crystals, of which several pieces were found. The sharp edges of some of 
the chips would readily cut pieces of bone and antler, especially if the 
antler were first softened by boiling in water. It is probable that a chert 
chip blade was inserted in the narrow socket of the antler handle seen in 
Plate XIV, figure 10. 
HANDLES FOR KNIVES, ETC. 
Several objects made of antler may be provisionally classed as handles 
for various implements (See Plate XIV, figures G to 10) . They are of four 
different kinds, the simplest kind (Cat. No. VIII-F-12855) consists of a 
