55 
shape before it became broken; still another appears to be a fragment 
of some larger implement with the broken edge at the narrow ends 
rechipped for use as a scraper. The object chipped from cherty limestone, 
seen in Plate XVII, figure 12, may also have been intended for a scraper. 
Besides the scrapers chipped from stone, there is a spall broken from 
the side of a pear-shaped pebble with the broader edge showing chipping, 
which may have been used as a scraper. It resembles the teshoa scrapers 
used by the Shoshoni, the West Coast Indians, and the Eskimo, although 
it is much smaller. 
These scrapers, like the arrow-points chipped from stone, were much 
less common here than at Neutral sites in southwestern Ontario, where one 
site alone yielded fifty specimens {See author, 8:26). They are also scarce 
at sites of the same culture in Jefferson county, New York (Skinner, 4:166), 
and at early Huron sites in Victoria county, Ontario. 
BONE AWL-LIKE IMPLEMENTS 
Pointed, awl-like bone implements were more plentiful than any other 
artifact made of this material, one thousand two hundred and ten being 
found, and there are twenty others in Mr. White’s collection. Several 
specimens are shown in Plate XIV, figures 21 and 24 to 32. 
Their use as awls for punching holes in skins and possibly for basket 
and snow-shoe making is suggested by the general shape of most of them, 
but they may have been used for many other purposes. 
These awl-like objects are common archaeological finds, especially in 
Iroquoian sites. Their occurrence here in such abundance suggests that 
they were one of the most indispensable implements. How necessary they 
seem to have been is evidenced by the fact that even after the arrival of 
Europeans, awls (of iron and of white manufacture, of course) were con- 
sidered one of the important articles of trade with the Indians, as we learn 
from the Jesuit Relations (VII, 223, X, 177, 249, XII, 119, and XVIII, 19). 
Most of these implements are in a good state of preservation, the bone 
in many instances looking probably as fresh as when the awl was discarded 
or lost. Many are highly polished, some of them evidently from long 
handling. Fifty-five specimens are scorched. Surprisingly few are broken, 
five hundred and fifty or a little more than 46 per cent being whole; many 
of the broken specimens have only the tips missing. One cannot help but 
wonder, if these awls were lost or discarded, as seems probable, why there 
should be such a large proportion of perfect specimens found. Mere loss 
would hardly seem to account for so many finding their way to the refuse 
deposits; besides, one would expect the proportion of broken awls to be 
much greater owing to breaking during their careless removal with kitchen 
debris. 
The awls range in size from the smallest, 1C inches long, to the largest 
which is 8f inches long; the most common lengths ranging from 2^ to Sc- 
inches; but the longest are exceeded in length by other awls found at 
Iroquoian sites elsewhere in Ontario. Some are only about ^ inch thick. 
Very few of the bone awls found here suggest by their shape that they 
might have been hafted. We know that iron awls of European introduction, 
found in sites in southwestern Ontario, were mounted in bone handles, 
