56 
so it is possible that some of our double-pointed specimens, especially the 
very short ones, may have had one of the sharpened ends inserted in a 
These awl-like implements are made of fish, bird, and mammal bones, 
but none is of antler, unless a few massive, pointed objects and the speci- 
men in Plate XIV, figure 23, were so used. One thousand one hundred and 
ninety-three awls are made of mammal bones, of which about one thousand 
one hundred and fifty-six are deer, which accords well with the preponder- 
ance of the bones of this animal over that of any other found at the site. 
Most of them are made from pieces of the larger leg bones, comparatively 
few being derived from the readily adaptable ulnse and splint bones. Of 
those derived from ulnse four retain the proximal part or olecranon process 
as a handle, and the sigmoid cavity formed a convenient rest for one of 
the fingers. Three specimens are made of human ulnse, one (Plate XIV, 
figure 24) with the tip missing, one with the olecranon process cut off, and 
another a fragment of the sharpened distal half of the shaft.. 
These implements may be divided into four different types or classes, 
First we have specimens made of bones showing very little artificial 
modification beyond the production of a sharp point at one end {See 
Plate XIV, figures 22, 25, and 26). Those derived from fish bones are 
probably the simplest, but their use as awls may not have been extensive. 
The specimens made of bear (Plate XIV, figure 25) and human ulnae are 
certainly too large and heavy for use as sewing awls, but they may have 
served either for punching holes in birch bark or as snow-shoe punches. 
The second type of awls consist of those that, although they show 
more artificial modification than those just considered, still retain some 
joint or other recognizable part of the animal bone from which they are 
derived (Plate XIV, figures 29 to 32) . Three hundred and forty-eight, or 
about 28 per cent of the total number of implements of this class, retain 
part of the joint or articular end, and nine hundred and six, or about 78 
per cent, retain the marrow hollow on one face. Eight specimens are 
derived from hollow bones. Even such unpromising-looking material as 
parts of lower jaws of the deer was utilized in a few cases; one of the awls 
derived from the anterior part of a left jaw retains the premolar alveolae 
and the marrow hollow, and two others appear to be made from the bulging 
basal part of the jaw to which the digastric muscle is attached (a few jaws 
have this very portion missing). Awls made from pieces of deer jaws are 
seldom found in Iroquoian sites elsewhere in Ontario and in New York, 
and they also seem rare in sites of other cultures. 4 wo specimens made 
from pieces of deer metapodials (Cat. Nos. VIII-F-10017 and VIII-F- 
12896a), one of which has a broad, somewhat flattened tip and bifurcate 
base, retain the natural hole probably for the attachment of a cord. Some 
of the awls are crude and crooked, although the natural curve of the bone 
in some cases formed a good hand hold. A specimen with two deep notches 
on one edge is seen in Plate XIV, figure 32. Some of them aie squaie in 
cross-section, others rectangular, and one pentagonal (Cat. No. VIII-F- 
11786). _ 
The third class consists of those made by merely pointing rough 
splinters, probably such pieces as resulted from the breaking of bones, to 
get the marrow; two hundred and eight specimens are of this type. 
