57 
The fourth class of awls consist of those whose shape is wholly or 
almost wholly factitious, but only a few are symmetrically proportioned. 
Four specimens are round in cross-section, eleven are oval, one is elliptical, 
and one is curvilinear-triangular. 
Four hundred and ninety-four specimens have finely attenuated tips 
(See Plate XIV, figures 21, 29, and 32), four hundred and ninety-eight 
have medium sharp points ( See Plate XIV, figures 22 and 30) , and twenty- 
six others have blunt tips (See Plate XIV, figure 27). Sixty-three speci- 
mens have wide, flattened tips, and they may have served for some other 
purpose than awls (See Plate XIV, figure 31). The one illustrated in 
Plate XIV, figure 21, has a peculiarly shaped point. Fifteen specimens 
are pointed at both ends and some of them may have been hafted. 
Five specimens, including one in Mr. White’s collection, have the base 
notched as if for the attachment of a cord. 
Eighteen others, three of which are seen in Plate XIV, figures 27, and 
29 to 31, are decorated ( See also under “Art”). 
Xo awls made of copper were found, but some made either of this metal 
or brass are said to have been found on a site about 5 miles southeast of 
the Roebuck site. 
The manufacture of awls is illustrated by some of the specimens 
found. Many of the animal bones, especially ulnae, radii, and fibulae 
required very little working to transform them into awls, it being merely 
necessary to break off one end and then grind the broken part to a point, 
the marrow hollow being exposed at the tip in each case. Many splinters 
resulting from the breaking of bones to get the marrow were of a size and 
shape suitable for manufacture into awls, and a few were ground to a 
point at one end; others have the broken edges smoothed, and still others 
have been brought to a more or less symmetrical form by grinding and 
polishing. The edges of some splinters were chipped before they were 
ground into shape; a few other pieces show both chipping and grinding. 
Some of the finished awls retain traces of longitudinal cutting on the 
edges, showing that the blanks from which they were made had been 
severed from the stock bone by grooving and breaking. 
PERFORATED BONE NETTING NEEDLES 
Five whole and thirty-two broken implements made of thin, slender 
pieces of bone were found {See Plate XIV, figure 33). A few are polished 
and others are scorched and blackened by fire. Twenty-nine specimens, a 
few of which may have been broken while making the perforation, were 
broken through the eye, and two others, although evidently parts of needles, 
retain no trace of the eye. 
One specimen is made from what seems to be the branchiostegal bone 
of a fish, nineteen are made from rib bones, and the rest are derived from 
other kinds of bone, six of them being thick pieces, some of which retain 
the marrow hollow on one face. Those made from pieces of ribs are easily 
recognizable on account of the cancellated structure of the bone showing 
on one face, and also because of the curvature. One, apparently unfinished, 
