59 
tion of the use of snow-shoes among the Indians in first-white-contact 
times. The needles do not seem to be found south and west of the state 
of Xew York, where snow-shoes were probably never used; in Ontario 
they occur at Iroquoian sites, which all lie well within the region where 
snow-shoes were a necessity. 1 
SPINDLE- WHORLS 
It is not known if the Iroquois 2 used such a device as a spindle, but 
the perforated, slightly concavo-convex wooden disk found in the muck 
surrounding one of the springs, illustrated in Plate XVII, figure 11, may 
have been used as a whorl to give momentum to a spindle. Another object, 
the shape of which is like some of the whorls used for the purpose else- 
where in America, is seen in Plate XV, figure 7. The hole through the 
middle of this specimen, however, is too small for the reception of a spindle 
and it is probably merely a bead. 
WARFARE 
There is no doubt that, like the other members of the Iroquois family, 
the inhabitants of the site were warlike. Besides the defensive earthwork 
and the traces of palisades described on page 7, a few objects that may 
have been used in warfare were found. 
WEAPONS 
Bows and arrows and war clubs probably constituted their chief 
weapons. 3 Few arrow-points, however, as compared with articles of 
domestic use, were found, and most of these may have been used in hunt- 
ing. A few of the stone points are of the triangular type generally called 
“ war points.” Most of the points are of bone and antler, some of which 
may have been used in warfare; human bones pierced with such points have 
been discovered in New York (Skinner, 1:149), Ohio (Willoughby, 1:131, 
and 2:51), and Kentucky (Moore, 10:468, 478-479). If they used daggers 
in warfare it is possible that two, long, sharpened antler tines, the large 
perforated object made from the ulna of a bear in Plate XVII, figure 28, 
and the pointed objects made from human ulna?, one of which is seen in 
Plate XIV, figure 24, were so used. Small stone adzes may have been 
mortised into the heads of wooden war clubs. 
BODY ARMOUR 
In common with the Hurons (Sagard, 1:144), and the Mohawk 
encountered by Champlain in 1609, the people here may have worn body 
armour similar to that described by Van Curler, who says: “ Some of them 
^According to Sagard (1: 104), the Neutral Indians in southern Ontario used snow-shoes. 
! The Cherokee, according to Adair, spun wild hemp “off the distaffs, with wooden machines, having some 
clay on the middle of them, to hasten the motion’’ (pp. 422-423). 
3 De Vries (p. 95), speaking of the Mohawk, says: “The weapons in war were bows and arrows, stone axes and 
clap hammers’’; the clap hammers were probably war clubs. 
