60 
wore armour and helmets that they make themselves of thin reeds and 
strings so well that no arrow or ax can pass through or wound them ” 
(Wilson, page 91). 1 They may also have carried wooden shields like those 
figured by Champlain {See vol. Ill, Figure A). 
DRESS AND ADORNMENT 
There were found several mineral substances that could have been used 
as face paint; stone objects that were probably used to prepare paint; a 
clam shell still containing red paint; an unfinished comb; pendants made 
of shell, bone, and teeth; and beads made of stone, shell, bone, teeth, and 
earthenware. 
clothing 
Although we discovered no direct evidence, owing to the perishable 
nature of the material, it may be assumed that the inhabitants of the site 
were compelled to wear skin clothing in winter. We have the testimony 
of Cartier that the Hocbelagans, who as has been pointed out above, had the 
same culture as the inhabitants of this site, made their clothing of the 
skins of “otters, beavers, martens, foxes, wild cats, deer, stags,” and other 
animals, “but,” he adds, “the greater portion of them go stark naked” (page 
158). There is no doubt, also, that leggings and moccasins, made of 
tanned skins, 2 and others woven from corn husks 3 were worn. Head 
coverings were probably made from the skins of some of the birds and 
mammals mentioned above, and vegetal fibres and sinews were no doubt 
used for sewing the skins together. The only object that gives a suggestion 
of a head covering is the human face mask from an earthenware pipe,, 
seen in Plate XVI, figure 16, which has a raised band across the top of 
the forehead; this, however, may have been intended to represent the hair. 
Although the discovery of part of a woven bag suggests the possibility 
that garments were made of woven fabrics, we have no historical evidence 
that any northern Iroouoinn people wore clothing made from fabrics woven 
from native vegetal fibres. 
It is possible that garments were ornamented with the feathers of 
birds, porcupine quills, 4 and the hair of animals such as the moose. Pieces 
of mica, of which some unworked pieces were found, may have been cut into 
different shapes and used for the embellishment of clothing and headgear. 5 
The objects derived from the phalanges of the deer (Plate XV, figures 19 
to 23) and the perforated shell (Plate XV, figure 8), may have been used as 
a rattling fringe around the edge of garments. 
Some of the smaller, and more slender, pointed bone objects, described 
as awls, may have been used as pins for fastening clothing. 
‘Champlain (vol, II, p. 222) says it was “woven of cotton thread and wood"; in vol. Ill, fig.E, he gives a picture 
of an Indian dressed in armour; See also, Beauchamp, 6, PL 11, fig. 59. 
Cartier (p. 181) apparently referring to the Indians of Stadacona, says: “In winter they wear leggings and moc- 
casins made of skins, and in summer they go barefoot." 
LMegalopensis (p. 154) says of the Mohawks: "They take the Leaves of their Corn, and plat them together and 
use them for Shoes.” Corn husk sandals and moccasins were in use among the Senecas of New York until recent 
years (See Parker, 2: 82). , 
<The Agonhanna of Hochelaga "wore about his head for a crown a sort of red band made of a hedgehog s skin 
(Cartier, p. 164), which, Lighthall (2: 94) thinks, was a "fillet of porcupine quillworlc.” 
•Mills (1: 11) mentions strips of mica, discovered in the Adena mound in Ohio, which apparently were used for 
such a purpose. 
