19 
In comparison with the small number of bones of the animal actually 
found, there seems to have been a more or less extensive use of bear bones. 
One of the skulls, with the upper part of the brain case broken away, was 
afterwards used in such a way as to wear down and smooth the surface 
near the fractured edge. A right lower jaw, retaining the canine tooth, 
has the articular condyle and coronoid removed by scoring and breaking, 
but for what purpose is not apparent, unless, as the polish on the inside 
surface suggests, it was used as some sort of tool. Another right lower 
jaw has the articular part broken off and a deep V-shaped notch or cut 
near the canine tooth, the purpose of which also is uncertain, unless it was 
the intention to cut off this portion to facilitate removal of the tooth. A 
right lower jaw was made into the tool seen in Plate XVII, figure 18. All 
the larger limb bones seem to have been used in the manufacture of 
artifacts. Four distal ends of humeri have been severed from the shaft by 
scoring and breaking and three blanks in process of manufacture into fish- 
hooks appear to be derived from the thick part of the bone bearing the 
deltoid ridge. An ulna, was made into a punch-like tool (Plate XIV, 
figure 25) and another into a dagger-like object (Plate XVII, figure 281 ; 
there are also two proximal ends cut from shafts. There are two distal 
ends of femora cut from shafts and a tibia with both ends removed. One 
of the fibulai has both ends cut off; another was transformed into an 
arrow-point; and what appear to be fibulas of young bears were made into 
awls. The claws may have been made into ornaments as among other 
Indians. 
Extensive use was made of certain bones of the dog. Two right lower 
jaws have the ramus removed by scoring and breaking. Three proximal 
joints of humeri, severed from the shaft by scoring and breaking, and the 
shaft of another with the proximal joint similarly removed, suggest that 
the shafts of these bones were transformed into beads. Two ulnte were 
made into points for arrows; four were transformed into awls; and the 
styloid end of another was made into a spatulate implement (Plate XVII, 
figure 3) ; there are also two proximal ends cut from ulnae, Two radii 
were made into awls; one was made into an arrow point; six have both 
ends cut off; four others consist of proximal joints severed from the shafts 
by scoring and breaking; and another is a short section cut from the shaft, 
The shafts of two femora were cut into bead-like objects; there is also 
a shaft with one end cut off and two others with both ends cut off, and one 
cut distal end. Four tibiae were made into points for arrows (Plate I, 
figure 14) ; two others with the proximal joint cut off are probably unfinished 
arrow-points; and seven proximal joints and one distal joint are no doubt 
from shafts that had been made into similar points. A metacarpus or 
metatarsus has the proximal joint cut off, but it is not certain what kinds 
of artifacts were made of these bones. 
Even human bones were used as material for artifacts, three awl-like 
objects (Plate XIV, figure 24) being made from ulnae; eight gorgets from 
pieces of skull (Plate XV, figures 32, 33) ; and a bead-like object from a 
fibula. Besides the finished artifacts, there are several broken pieces of 
skull apparently in process of manufacture into gorgets, two ulnse with the 
distal ends cut off, and three radii and one fibula with both ends cut off 
(Plate XVII, figure 21). 
