18 
were probably used in tanning, and the sinews as thread in sewing. The 
feathers of certain birds were no doubt used to feather arrows, and others 
may have been used to ornament clothing and headdresses. 
Bone. This material, consisting of bones of mammals, birds, reptiles, 
and fish, was most extensively used. 
More deer bones than those of any other mammal were used. More 
than fifteen hundred artifacts are made of deer bones and there are about 
five hundred others that are probably derived from bones of this animal. 
Many of the bones are broken and others are split lengthwise, some of 
the pieces being of a size and shape suitable for manufacturing into 
artifacts. Most of the split pieces are parts of metapodials and tibiae. 
In spite of the fact that the deep grooves on the front and back of the 
metatarsals would permit the bone to be easily broken into long, narrow 
pieces, very few were split along these grooves. It is uncertain of what par- 
ticular bone some of the objects are derived, a few of them being merely 
rough, broken pieces w r orn with use. A periotic bone may have been worn as a 
pendant or a charm. Some of the lower jaws may have been used for 
scraping corn from the cob. The anterior part of a jaw was made into a 
point for an arrow. Eight others appear to be in process of manufacture 
into points, for three of them have the rough symphysis smoothed; four, 
including those just mentioned, have the alveolar edge smoothed, either 
by removing or breaking off the teeth and grinding the edge until smooth; 
one has part of the outside surface and another both outside and inside 
surfaces flattened by grinding. The anterior part of two jaw T s and the 
basal portion of two others were made into awls. Sixteen scapulae were 
made into pipes (Plate XV, figure 39) and thirteen others are in process 
of manufacture into pipes. No artifacts made of the humeri were found, 
but the head of one, severed from the shaft by scoring and breaking, sug- 
gests that these bones were used for some purpose. Thirteen ulnae were 
made into awls, and one has the styloid end brought to an obtuse point. 
Parts of thirteen radii were made into awls; seven others, as mentioned 
under tanning, have the sides polished from use; and one is a proximal 
joint severed by scoring and breaking, the shaft probably having been 
worked into artifacts. Five hundred and twenty-eight metapodials were 
worked up into awls (Plate XIV, figures 26, 29, 32) ; three were made into 
harpoon points (Plate I, figures 22, 24, 27) ; and several others were trans- 
formed into artifacts of unknown use (Plate XVII, figure 5). Several ribs, 
probably of this mammal, were worked, and what seems to be parts of 
others were made into perforated, needle-like tools. Part of the proximal 
end of a femur was cut into a blank preparatory to making a fish-hook, 
and there are two distal ends, the shafts of which were probably trans- 
formed into such hooks or other artifacts. Parts of forty-six tibiae ■were 
made into awls; sections of the front wall of two others are blanks for 
fish-hooks, one of which is Cat. No. VIII-F-11478 and the other illustrated 
in Plate I, figure 28; and there is a distal joint of another that had been 
cut from the shaft. Nine splint bones were made into awls. Eighty-two 
proximal and middle phalanges were made into what are probably units 
for cup and pin games (Plate XV, figures 19-23), and two hundred and 
ninety others have been transformed into flattened objects of unknown use 
(Plate XV, figures 24-29). 
