17 
were acquainted with the metal. What were described as awls made of 
brass, but which may have been of native copper, were found at a site of 
the same culture, about 6 miles east of Roebuck. . . 
Other mineral substances comprise twelve pieces of iron pyrites, three 
of which are oxidized, three of red ochre, and three of iron ore, the last 
three probably being used in the manufacture of paint. Iron pyrites and 
hematite occur in the counties of Leeds and Lanark, from about 25 to 50 
miles west of Roebuck. 
Hornblende schist seems to have been the favourite material for 
adzes, as forty-four blades were made of it, besides two objects like those 
in Plate XIV, figure 19. Other materials made into adzes consist of quartz- 
ite, micaceous schist, schistose slate, granite, granite-gneiss, diabase, green- 
stone, and a species of basalt. 
Suitably shaped cobbles of quartzite, _ limestone, sandstone, micaceous 
schist, granite, gneiss, granite-gneiss, diabase, diorite, greenstone, and 
porphyry, from the drift, w r ere made into mullers and hammers; and fiat 
slabs of quartzite, limestone (probably all from local outcrops) , sandstone, 
granite, gneiss, and granite-gneiss, had one or both flat surfaces hollowed for 
use as mortars. 
Crushed gneiss and, in a few cases, crushed quartzite were used as 
tempering material in pottery. 
Limestone was fashioned into beads, disks, whetstones, and the object 
in Plate XVII, figure 17. Besides the uses mentioned above, sandstone 
was made into whetstones, discoidal beads, the marked stone object in 
Plate XVII, figure 19, and an implement of the same type as that seen 
in Plate XIV, figure 19. 
Grey and red slate furnished material for two roughly chipped spear- 
like objects (Plate I, figures 6 and 7) ; two whetstones; a so-called slickstone 
(text Figure 3); a few beads; a disk; a gorget and what are probably 
unfinished articles of this class; and the broken pipe in Plate XV, figure 47. 
There are also several slightly worked pieces. 
One of the claystone or clay concretions was used as a whetstone, one 
may have been regarded as a fetish, and another was used for some other 
purpose. 
Clay, which was mostly combined with tempering material, was exten- 
sively used in the manufacture of pottery, pipes, beads, the small human 
figurine in Plate XV, figure 30, and the little human head in figure 31 in 
the same plate, the curious objects in Plate XVII, figures 15 and 16, and 
the spoon-like object in Plate II, figure 3. Lumps of blue clay, of unknown 
source, found in one of the refuse deposits, may have been of the kind used 
in the manufacture of pottery objects. Clay was probably obtained from 
a clay bed on the bank of Indian creek, a few hundred yards west of 
the site. Broken pottery was used in the manufacture of disks, a bead, 
and the object in Plate XVII, figure 20. 
Animal Materials 
As is to be expected of a people who depended in part on the products 
of the chase, many of their artifacts are derived from animal materials 
consisting of bones, antlers, teeth, and shells. The skins of some of the 
animals, no doubt, were made into garments and other articles, the brains 
