15 
The amphibian remains consist of a few bones of a frog smaller than 
the bull-frog and probably either the leopard or pickerel frog. Several 
kinds of frogs were eaten by the early Iroquois (Jesuit Relations, XXXIX, 
page 215), the smaller varieties being either eaten whole or used to season 
their sagamite (Lafitau, III, pages 91-92; Hennepin, I, page 41, and II, 
page 524; and Waugh, page 136). 
Deposits of fish bones and scales and scattered bones were common, 
seven different species being represented, including yellow pickerel, common 
catfish, pike, buffalo fish (possibly Ictiobus bubalus) , carp ( Carpiodes sp.), 
gar pike, and chub or horned dace. There is no doubt that suckers, brook 
trout, and other smaller species were also used as food; and that fish of 
the sun-fish family were caught is suggested by the fish form seen on the 
pipe in Plate XVI, figure 5. 
Shells of freshwater clams, of which nine species are represented, were 
abundant in all the refuse deposits, but none of them is now living in Indian 
creek nearby. Edible clams of the genus Anodonta that now live in the 
creek, were not found in the refuse. Most of the shells are in a good state 
of preservation, many of them still retaining the dark dermis; but those 
buried in ashes were always more or less burnt and very fragile. Shells of 
Elliptio complanatus were the most abundant, as many as one hundred 
being found in a single pile, some of them unopened. In a few instances 
they were mixed with carbonaceous matter, including charred corn, which 
suggests that the shellfish were gathered for food, other uses, mentioned 
elsewhere, being incidental. Some are fragmentary or have holes broken 
through the sides. 1 Shells of Lampsilis siliquoidea were next in abund- 
ance, a few of them being broken and one having a hole broken through 
the side. There are several broken shells of Lampsilis ventricosus , and 
another that Judge Latchford considers a deformed valve of the variety 
canadensis. Eurynia recta and Lampsilis radiata are represented by a 
few whole and broken shells, and Alasmidonta undulata by two fragments. 
There is a single shell of Sphaerium striatinum, but this species could not 
have been of much importance as food, as it is less than \ inch long. . A 
shell of Sphaerium simile contained immature shells of the same species, 
just as they are now often found in the mud along streams. Since this 
shell contained no meat when brought to the refuse heap the species may 
not have been used as food. 
Shells of six species of land snails and of two species of freshwater 
snails were found. The shells of the land snails bear the same appearance 
of age as some of the clam shells, and it is possible that they were used 
as food, although the snails may have crawled into the deposits recently. 
The following species are represented: Anguispira alternata, Polygyra 
albolabris, P. dentijera, P. thyroides, P. sayana, and what seem to be shells 
of Omphalina cuprea. A deposit of nearly one hundred shells of Anguispira 
alternata occurred in one of the refuse deposits, but the gregarious habits 
of this snail may account for this number. The freshwater snails include 
those of Campeloma dedsum and Hehsoma campanulatum; the latter, of 
doubtful food* value, may have been brought here quite casually, possibly 
by a bird or children. 
Ut is of interest to note that the shells, like those of the present day, seem to have been affected by a panVitic 
species of freshwater sponge (probably Vioa), which caused exfoliation of the sides and umbomc region. 
2346G — 24 
