76 
shrill sound from them.” He thinks that those shaped like the one in 
Plate XV, figure 27, “ certainly look more like whistles, but I have never 
been able to produce any sound from them ” (1:52). 
Owing to their use among the modern Iroquois it may be inferred 
that wooden whistles or flutes were used by the pre-European Iroquois 
and the inhabitants of this site. It might be mentioned, in this connexion, 
that Parker (6:429) suggests that some of the flattened phalanges “ look 
very much like the sliding orifice regulator used on Iroquois flutes, and 
these also frequently show marks of the thongs that passed over them.” 
Some of our specimens, as stated on page 72, show similar signs of wearing 
in the frontal grooves and on the edges of the large frontal openings. 
CANNIBALISM 
It is probable that, as stated below, the inhabitants of this site, 
in common with other Iroquois of the historic period, 1 practised ceremonial 
cannibalism. 
SMOKING 
That smoking was extensively practised by the people of this site is 
indicated by the numerous pipes. Leaves of the tobacco plant probably 
were smoked here as among the Iroquois of the lower St. Lawrence valley, 
although it may have been mixed with leaves of the sumac, which, as 
Morgan says, “ has been used by the Indians to temper tobacco from time 
immemorial ” (II, page 34) . Cartier’s description of tobacco and its use 
is as follows: “Furthermore they have a plant, of which a large supply is 
collected in summer for the winter’s consumption. They hold it in high 
esteem, though the men alone make use of it in the following manner. 
After drying it in the sun, they carry it about their necks in a small skin 
pouch in lieu of a bag, together with a hollow bit of stone or wood. 2 Then 
at frequent intervals they crumble this plant into powder, which they 
place in one of the openings of the hollow instrument, and laying a live 
coal on top, suck at the other end to such an extent that they fill their 
bodies so full of smoke, that it streams out of their mouths and nostrils 
as from a chimney. They say it keeps them warm and in good health, and 
never go about without these things” (pages 183-184). 
The pipes were made of stone, earthenware, and bone. 
STONE PIPES 
Only fragments of three stone pipes were found, and a whole one, 
which probably belonged to the people of the site, was plowed up on the 
Fraser farm about a mile east. The broken and perhaps unfinished slate 
•Hennepin (II, p. 510), says: "The Iroquois are the only Savages of North America that eat humane Flesh: and 
yet they don’t do it but in cases extraordinary, when they are resolved to exterminate a whole Nation. They don't 
eat humane Flesh to satisfy their appetites; ’tis to signify to the Iroquoise Nation, that they ought to fight without 
ever submitting to their Enemies; that they ought rather to eat them than leave any of them alive; They eat it to 
animate their Warriours; for they always march out of their five Cantons the day after, to fight with their Enemies; 
for the Rendezvous for next day is always given notice of by their Feasts of humane Flesh." See also Jesuit Rela- 
tions, under "Cannibalism,” in Index vol. 
* It is possible that Cartier mistook the reddish coloured earthenware, of which the Iroquoian pipes are mostly 
made, for wood. 
