77 
pipe seen in Plate XV, figure 47, was found on the surface of the site by 
Mr. White and was presented by him to the National Museum. It is made 
of veined, greenish grey slate, is of the type with detachable stem, and 
probably represented when whole a bird {See under “Art”) - The sides are 
flat and^ taper slightly toward the base, whereas the base itself is more or 
less wedge-shaped. The drilled stem hole is conoidal and meets the 
conoidal bowl cavity at a right angle; the bowl cavity and stem hole are 
of the same diameter. There is a biconical hole through the base, drilled 
from the front and back, which w r as intended either for fastening the string 
that secured it to the wooden stem to prevent loss, or for the attachment 
of ornaments. Another biconical hole, now broken out, was drilled diagon- 
ally through one corner of the side seen in the illustration. Two stems of 
what were probably monolithic pipes of soapstone were found by us. Both 
taper toward the mouthpiece and are highly polished. The hole in these 
stems is larger at the mouth than farther in. The pipe from the Fraser 
farm, which also is made of soapstone, is monolithic, with the bowl and 
stem nearly at right angles to each other, and is of the same type as one 
found in Oswego county, New York (See McGuire, Figure 117), except 
that it lacks the incised human figure on the back of the bowl. 
As compared with those of earthenware, pipes of stone are scarce at 
most pre-European Iroquoian sites. 
EARTHENWARE PIPES 
Six entire and seven hundred and fifty-two fragments of earthenware 
pipes were found, making a total of seven hundred and fifty-eight speci- 
mens. Three hundred and thirty-seven fragments are of bowls and four 
hundred and fifteen of stems. These seven hundred and fifty-two frag- 
ments appear to be parts of seven hundred and twenty-seven pipes, as 
fifteen of the fragments of bowls fit other fragments, three fragments of 
stems fit other stems, and two fragments of stems fit broken bowls. Prob- 
ably other stem fragments belong to other stems and bowls, but the inter- 
mediate parts were either too small to be found or were crushed. Besides 
those found by the writer there are fourteen specimens, comprising a 
whole pipe, nine fragments of bowls, and four stems in Mr. White’s collec- 
tion' a fragment of a bowl and a stem found and presented to the National 
Museum by R. H. King in 1892 (Cat. Nos. VIII-F-15312 and VIII-F- 
15313) ; a whole pipe catalogued as “ from Roebuck,” in the Royal Ontario 
Museum of Archaeology {See Plate XVI, figure 22) ; and a small decorated 
fragment of another in the collection of the late A. J. Clark, Richmond 
Hill, Ontario, now in the National Museum. 
The whole pipes were probably lost, all others being kept or taken 
away by the inhabitants when they left the site, only the broken ones 
being discarded. Even some of the bowls that were intact may have had 
a hole bored in one side for the reception of a wooden stem and were 
carried away when the place was abandoned. 
The pipes and fragments were found on the surface, in the muck 
surrounding the spring, and in all the refuse deposits excavated. In general 
they were most numerous in the deepest and richest deposits, the largest 
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