78 
number of them usually being in the deposits that yielded the largest 
numbers of specialized types of pipes. 
All but a few of the pipes are of the elbow type or variations of it, the 
bowls being mostly at an obtuse angle to the stem. 
The material of the pipes consists of clay which contains either less, 
or more finely crushed, tempering material than that in pottery. The 
colour varies from grey to a terra-cotta red; none is of the black-surfaced 
ware so common at post-European Tionontati, Huron, and Iroquois sites. 
The surface of most of the pipes is highly polished, in fact some of them 
look almost as if glazed; and no better finished ware occurs anywhere east 
of the Mississippi. 
No square-mouthed pipes were found of the same type as those found 
so commonly in post-European Tionontati (Boyle, 1, Figure 11), Huron, 
and Iroquois sites in Ontario. There are also no double-bowled pipes like 
one from a site in Harvey township, Peterborough county, described and 
figured by Boyle (7:58), Figure 28). 
All of the earthenware pipes are of the stemmed type, none being 
found that consisted merely of a bowl with a hole for the reception of a 
wooden stem. Four hundred and twelve of the stems are round in cross- 
section; two, one of which is seen in Plate XVI, figure 24, are oval; one is 
square (Cat. No. VIII-F-11888) ; three are rectangular (Plate XVI, figures 
26 and 27) ; one is mixtilinear-triangular; and another seems to have been 
somewhat almond-shaped (Cat. No. VIII-F-13149). Only one of the 
stems (found by Mr. White) is fluted along the top as on those on pipes 
of the square-mouthed and blow r ing-face types from post-European Tion- 
ontati and Huron sites. Stems round in cross-section occur on most 
Iroquoian pipes and a few are oval; pipes with square stems have been 
found at other Iroquoian sites in Ontario and Quebec. 
The round stems taper gradually from w'here they join the bowl to 
the mouthpiece. The shortest stem, which is 1^ inches long, is seen on a 
badly broken pipe (Cat. No. VIII-F-11092) . The longest broken stem is 
4§ inches long and seems to have been much longer. No stems are very 
slender, the one on the pipe seen in Plate XVI, figure 18, being of about 
the average thickness. None of the mouthpieces is very small, the smallest 
being about inch in diameter. The mouthpieces of one hundred and 
thirty-nine stems were modelled into shape, whereas those of eighty-tw'o 
others were ground into various shapes after they became broken. The 
mouthpieces of five stems are flaring, and those on five others, including 
three on stems that are square in cross-section, are slightly nipple-shaped 
(Plate XVI, figures 5, 24, 26, and 27). Five of the stems with ground ends 
have nipple-shaped mouthpieces and the tips of seventy-seven others are 
cone-shaped, twenty-two of them being more or less symmetrically ground 
(See the one on the pipe in Plate XV, figure 41). A tooth-hold or groove 
part of the way around the mouthpiece can be seen on two stems, one of 
them apparently having been ground to a cone shape before the tooth-hold 
was made. 
Twm hundred and five bowls, including nine in Mr. White’s collection, 
and sixteen stems, including four of Mr. White’s, are decorated; six of them 
apparently having both bowd and stem ornamented. Probably many more 
of the pipes used by the people of this site were decorated. The various 
