84 
VIII-F-10078), All the stem holes seem to have been formed by modelling 
the clay around a smooth twig or reed, which was destroyed in the burning, 
leaving a perfectly round, cylindrical hole. That reeds were in some cases 
used as cores is suggested by the faint longitudinal striai on the sides of some 
of the holes. Reeds, also, would be more readily destroyed in the burning 
process than solid twigs. None of the stem holes was formed by using a 
core composed of twisted grass or fibres or a cord, as in pipes from sites of 
the Tionontati, Hurons, and Hochelagans (See author, 7). 
One fragmentary pipe of unidentifiable type was apparently broken 
apart before firing, luted together, and the crack plastered over with an 
additional covering of clay. 
All the human face and bird masks on the pipes appear to have been 
added to the bowl by luting. 
Some of the broken bowls, in one case that of a trumpet pipe broken 
across the middle, had the fractured edges ground smooth. The stems 
were also reshaped after they became broken. 
PIPES MADE OF BONE 
The pipes made of bone, of which there are twenty-nine specimens, 
are made from scapulae of the deer, eleven being rights and eighteen lefts, 
in various stages of manufacture, sixteen of them apparently being 
completed (Plate XV, figure 39). The bowl was formed by deeply 
hollowing out the glenoid cavity in the head of the scapula and the spine 
and plates were removed, leaving the thick, external border to form the 
stem. The broken edges are more or less smoothed by rubbing and the bowl 
is hollowed to correspond to the shape of the exterior of the head. A 
perforation passed through the stem of only six of them, but the cancellated 
condition of this part of the bone permits them to be smoked. No trace 
remains of any attempt to stop the inflow of air through the broken edges 
of the bone, as by clay, grease, wax or pitch, or wound sinew. The end of 
the stem of the specimen illustrated is cut off squarely. The coracoid 
process may have served as a handle. Two of the completed pipes show no 
signs of burning. 
This type of bone pipe is unique except for a fragment (the bowl) of 
one found in Brant county, Ontario. 
The processes used in the manufacture of these bone pipes and the 
history of a pipe from the raw material to the finished object are somewhat 
illustrated by the specimens collected; including ninety-four unworked 
scapulse. Tw T enty-seven of the unfinished specimens have the spine, 
acromion, and the thinner portion of the plates broken off, three of them 
having no bowl cavity started, and one lacking the articular end, though 
the stem is scraped and polished; one of two other specimens with unfinished 
stems has the glenoid cavity burnt and one seems to have a completed bowl. 
Seven specimens have a burnt spot in the glenoid cavity but are not 
excavated, and two others, which are not burnt, have the cavity slightly 
gouged out. 
