92 
A closely coiled roll of carbonized birch bark, about 1 inch in diameter 
and about 4 inches long, may be the remains of a torch. Both Iroquois 
and Algonkians are known to have used torches made of bark. 1 . Even the 
early missionaries, following the Indian custom, used birch bark in lieu of 
candles. 2 
Text Figure 4 shows a small, smoothly finished, bowl-like receptacle 
carved from wood, possibly maple, said to have been found in a grave at 
Roebuck. The bowl is broken through about the middle and only about 
one-fourth of the lip remains. It is oblong, 2J inches long, 2J wide, and 
about high; the bottom is rounded, the flange-like lip curves outward, 
and the hollow is about f inch deep. The wood is dozy and may owe its 
preservation to being saturated with grease, pitch, or some other substance. 
PROCESSES OF MANUFACTURE 
Evidences of the following processes of manufacture were discovered: 
breaking, scorching, scorching and breaking, hacking and breaking, cut- 
ting, scoring or cutting and breaking, chipping, pecking or bruising, scrap- 
ing, rubbing or grinding, polishing, drilling, perforating, punching, model- 
ling, luting, impressing, twisting, and weaving. The use of other processes, 
as tanning, may be inferred. 
BREAKING 
This was the primary process, because stones and bones had to be 
broken into pieces suitable for manufacture. Some of the incisor teeth of 
the beaver were broken lengthwise and a few bear teeth had the dentine 
broken off for some purpose. Even human skulls were broken, in some 
cases probably to get pieces for manufacturing into gorgets like those seen 
in Plate XV, figures 32 and 33. The tines of a few deer antlers were broken 
off, some of them probably for manufacture into points for arrows. The 
front of some of the flattened phalanges of the deer, described under 
“ Games,” was broken before the grinding was commenced. 
SCORCHING 
The glenoid cavity of the deer scapulae made into pipes (See Plate XV, 
figure 39) was scorched before it was hollowed out to form the bowl cavity, 
probably by laying a live coal in the hollow. A few of the flattened 
phalanges of the deer have the front of the bone slightly scorched, evid- 
ently to make the grinding easier, and the markings on some of them 
appear to have been made by applying a small live coal to the surface. 
SCORCHING AND BREAKING 
A few deer tines seem to have been severed from the antler by scorch- 
ing and breaking. 
HACKING AND BREAKING 
The appearance of the severed ends of a few human bones, many 
pieces of antler, and a piece of wood found in the muck around the spring 
suggest that they were hacked and broken. 
1 See Jesuit Relations, IX, p. 275; XVIII, p. 171; XXI, p. 247; and XXX, p. 291. 
! Sagard (2: 217) says: “La ehandelle de quoy nous nous seruions la nuict, n’estoit-que de petits cornets d’escorce 
de bouleau.” 
