95 
purpose; but the tips of these do not show the signs of wear usually seen 
on drill points. The pointed ends of quartz crystals could have been 
used to make some of the large countersunk holes seen in a few speci- 
mens. The strife in the conical bowl cavity, stem hole, and the hole in 
the base of the stone pipe in Plate XY, figure 47, suggest that the holes 
were drilled with a chipped point. Holes, apparently drilled with a 
point chipped from stone, are seen in the harpoon point in Plate I, 
figure 20; in a fragment of a slate gorget; in the wapiti tooth pendant 
(Plate XY, figure 4); twelve pottery fragments; in a bead made of a 
potsherd; and in many other beads made of stone. Most of the holes in 
the stone beads are biconical and lack the striae usually seen in holes made 
with chipped points, but these may have been obliterated by the con- 
stant friction of the cord on which the beads were strung. 
The small diameter of the hole in the shell beads (Plate XV, figures 
9 and 10) suggests the use of a solid wooden spindle and sand; the hole 
in the largest specimen was drilled from both ends. It is possible, how- 
ever, as suggested above, that these beads reached the site in a finished 
state from some other people, and that the drilling was done by a method 
not used at the site. The hole in the stems of two stone pipes may also 
have been drilled with a solid wooden drill. 
If some of the holes were made with wooden drills and sharp sand 
if is possible that the spindle was rotated with some contrivance like a 
bow. It is not known if the pre-European Iroquois used the pump drill, 
but, if such an apparatus were used, the wooden disk in Plate XVII, 
figure 11, may have been added to give momentum to the drill. 
PERFORATING 
Roughly round, oval, or oblong holes in some of the artifacts seem 
to have been made by cutting, scraping, and gouging, few of them being 
uniformly round like those made with drill points. Most of them were 
made from one side only; a few are biconical. Holes of this kind can 
be seen in several artifacts, especially in the gorgets made from pieces 
of human skull (Plate XV, figures 32 and 33), and the bone and antler 
objects in Plate XVII, figures 22, 25, 27, and 28. The hole in most net- 
ting needles seems to have been gouged out (Plate XIV, figure 33). In 
another specimen the eye was made by gouging out a groove, £ inch 
long and J inch wide, on one face and then breaking an irregularly oblong 
hole through the remaining thin part of the bone. The eye in the 
extremely curved needle mentioned on page 58 was produced by making 
two, deep, longitudinal grooves on each face, one J inch and the other 
1^ inches long, which form a small hole where they meet in the middle. 
The perforations in the modelled earthenware beads, some of which 
are seen in Plate XV, figures 6 and 7, seem to have been formed by 
modelling the clay around a twig or grass stem, which was either with- 
drawn or burnt during the firing, leaving a round hole. The rim around 
the hole in one bead (Cat. No. VIII-F-11833) appears to be the result 
of working the twig or grass stem back and forth in the hole in order to 
enlarge or smooth the opening. The method of making the stem hole 
of earthenware pipes is described on page 84. 
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