96 
PUNCHING 
Ornamental pits or depressions on pottery, made by punching, have 
been described in the section on pottery manufacture. Round depres- 
sions seen on earthenware pipes were similarly produced. The holes in 
some of the modelled earthenware beads may have been punched from 
both sides with some of the finely pointed bone awls. The stitch holes 
in the piece of birch bark in Plate XVIII, figure 3, also appear to have 
been punched with an awl. 
MODELLING 
The modelling of pottery has been described under “Pottery.” 
Earthenware disks and beads were also modelled. The most elaborate 
examples of modelling, however, are the earthenware pipes and the human 
and animal forms seen on some of them. Most of the modelling was 
done with the fingers, but there is no doubt that special tools perhaps 
the knife-like and spatulate objects in Plate XVII, figures 1, 2, and 5, 
were used for some of the work. 
LUTING 
Most of the raised ornamentation seen on pottery, the upper edges 
of some of the pots, and some of the human face masks and bird forms 
on earthenware pipes, were applied to the surface by luting. Luting scars 
can be seen on two of the pipes (Plate XVI, figures 6 and 7). 
impressing 
Decorative effects on pottery produced by impressing have been 
described under “ Pottery others similarly produced can be seen on some 
of the earthenware pipes. 
PAINTING 
None of the pottery shows evidence of having been painted, but frag- 
ments of three stems of earthenware pipe are painted red. Other objects 
were probably painted, but owing to the fact that, as stated on page 61, 
the paint was merely mixed with grease, it soon disappeared from all but 
the few specimens mentioned. 
TWISTING 
The carbonized piece of rope (Plate XVIII, figure 5) and the weft 
and woof elements of the piece of carbonized textile (Plate XV1I1, figure 
6) show that vegetal fibres and bark were twisted into cords and ropes. 
A few of the pottery fragments show texturing on the outside surface with 
paddles apparently wound with twisted cords. 
We have no evidence that the northern Iroquois used a spindle for 
twisting fibres into cords. 
