124 
antler. Raised semicircular designs, bearing rectangular depressions, on 
two earthenware pipes, may have been symbolic rather than ornamental. 
Most of the designs are similar to those occurring on pottery from other 
sites of the Eastern Group of Iroquois (Mohawk, Oneida, and Onondaga) 
in Ontario, Quebec, New York, and Vermont; a few others are like some 
of those on Neutral pottery. The only objects suggesting commercial rela- 
tions with Indians of other stocks are beads made of columellse of ocean 
shells and a harpoon point which seems to be derived from the bone of 
a sea mammal. All of the eighty-five human skeletons, found in graves 
of the site, were buried in a flexed position and in every direction. Most 
of them were the remains of women and children. No objects except a 
small pottery vessel were buried with the dead. Many scattered human 
bones, better preserved than those of skeletons in graves, and which were 
probably those of prisoners of war w T ho had been roasted and eaten, were 
also discovered. 
Although the abundance of pottery and other articles of domestic use, 
and the scarcity of objects that could have been used in warfare, suggest 
that the people here were peaceable, evidence was discovered that the site 
had been fortified by palisades, probably to keep out enemies. 
No objects of European origin were found in the refuse deposits of 
the site, which was probably deserted by its inhabitants long before white 
men came to it or had settlements within trading distance. 
The material recovered from the various refuse deposits indicates that 
the culture of the whole site was uniform; at any rate it is scarcely likely 
that great changes in the culture would have occurred during the brief 
occupation of the site, when we consider that Iroquois villages were mostly 
inhabited for only from ten to twenty years. 
Although there is evidence of an earlier, if not contemporary, Algon- 
kian occupation in the same area, there is very little evidence of the assimi- 
lation of Algonkian culture traits, the only objects that may be of 
Algonkian origin being stone gorgets. As compared with Algonkian there 
were few chipped stone points for arrows, and stone work generally was 
not so well developed as that in clay, bone, and antler. In comparison 
with other members of the Iroquoian family in Canada the people of this 
site seem to have advanced to a higher degree of culture than the Neutrals; 
were as advanced as the early Tionontati and Hurons, to wdiom they were 
certainly not inferior in their modelling of life forms on earthenware pipes; 
and they exceeded all three in the elaboration of pot forms. 
Although the culture generally suggests that the inhabitants of this site 
should be included in the Eastern Group of Iroquois, the people seem to 
have been more nearly akin to those who occupied Jefferson county, New 
York, which Skinner identified as Onondaga. It is possible, however, con- 
sidering the resemblance of the culture to that of the Onondaga on the one 
hand, and to that of the Mohawk, as probably represented at the site of 
Hochelaga, on the other, that, at the period when this and the nearby sites 
of the same culture were occupied, the Mohawk and Onondaga had not 
become separated into the present distinct tribes. 
