156 
GULLS 
are said to be pure white.) L., 28*00; W., 17*10; B., 2*35; depth of B. at 
projection on the lower mandible ‘75 to 1*00; Tar., 2*60. 
Range . — Arctic regions. Breeds from nw. Alaska, Melville Island, and 
n. Greenland s. to Aleutian Islands, n. Mackenzie, cen. Ungava, and on Arc- 
tic islands of E. Hemisphere; winters from the Aleutians and Greenland s. 
to Monterey, Calif., the Great Lakes, and L. I., and casually to Bermuda, 
N. C., and Tex.; in Europe and Asia s. to the Mediterranean, Black, and 
Caspian seas, and Japan. 
Long Island, rare, W. V., Jan. 2-May 1. Cambridge, rare W. V., Nov.- 
Apl. 
Nest , of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs , 2-3, varying from pale 
olive-brown to grayish white, spotted or speckled with shades of chocolate, 
3*10 x 2*20. Date , Cumberland Sound, June 8. 
Mr. Chamberlain remarks that this species combines “with some 
gull-like traits many of the coarse characteristics of both Falcon and 
Vulture.” 
“Some observers have reported that flocks are at times very noisy, 
particularly when settling for the night; but those I have met with in 
winter have been rather silent. Their cry is harsh and at times very 
loud; it sounds something like the syllables kuk-lak. I have seen it 
written cut-leek.” 
43. Larus leucopterus Faber. Iceland Gull. Resembles the pre- 
ceding but is much smaller; specimens in juvenal plumage more frequently 
have white or brownish shafts untinged with yellow, as in hyperboreus ; others 
are mottled with black rather than brownish (Dwight, Auk, 1906, 34). W., 
15*40-16*50; B., 1*65-1*90; depth of B. at projection on the lower mandi- 
ble, *60-*70; Tar., 2*05 T 2*20 (B., B., and R.). 
Range . — Arctic regions. Breeds from Victoria Land (Cambridge Bay) 
and Boothia Peninsula to cen. Greenland and e. to Nova Zembla; winters 
from s. Greenland s. to L. I.; casual on the Great Lakes; accidental in Nebr. 
and Md. ; in Europe s. to the British Isles, Scandinavia, and Baltic Sea. 
Long Island, very rare W. V. Cambridge, rare W. V. N. Ohio, casual 
on Lake Erie in winter. 
Nest, of grasses, moss, etc., on the ground. Eggs, 2-3, clay-color with 
numerous chocolate markings, 2 79 x 1*89. Date, Julianshaab, Greenland, 
June 1. 
“It is not particularly difficult for the trained observer to dis- 
tinguish the White- winged Gulls in the field from the Herring Gull; 
but as between L. hyperboreus and L. leucopterus a positive identification 
is not so easy. . . . One soon gets to recognize the white-winged 
species flying, even at a considerable distance, and the smaller size 
of the Iceland Gull is seen perhaps more distinctly on the wing than 
when the bird is sitting. The bill, when it can be seen, is an excellent 
field-mark, the Iceland Gull’s like that of Kumlien’s Gull, being much 
smaller in proportion. . . (Allen, F. H., Auk ) 1908, p. 300, status 
near Boston.) 
45. Larus kumlieni Brewst. Kumlien’s Gull. Very similar in general 
color to the two preceding species, but differs from them in the color of 
the primaries. These, instead of being uniformly pure white or but lightly 
tinted with gray, are marked with sharply defined spaces of ashy gray. The 
first primary is tipped with white and marked with ashy gray on the outer 
web and shaft part of the inner web ; the second primary is ashy gray on only 
