370 
FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC 
b 1 . Tips of mandibles crossed. 
522. White-winged Crossbill (d 1 ad.). 
6 2 . Bill stout; mandibles not crossed. 515. Pine Grosbeak (d” ad.). 
2. Wing-coverts not tipped with white. 
a . Throat black or blackish; wings and tail red; body red or olive. 
593. Cardinal. 
b. Throat and more or less of underparts red or greenish red. 
6 1 . Plumage blood-red, brownish red, or greenish red; tips of the 
mandibles crossed 521. Am. Crossbill <f. 
b 2 . Plumage dull reddish; belly whitish ; back indistinctly streaked, 
with bristly feathers over the nostrils. 
517. Purple Finch (<? ad.). 
6 3 . Head blue; back green; rump red. 
601. Painted Bunting (cf ad.). 
II. Underparts with no red and without distinct streaks; throat or 
breast sometimes with a patch or spot. 
1. Tail with white spots, bars, or patches. 
A. Back plain, without streaks. 
a. Throat and breast black, brown, or slate-color, sharply defined 
from the white belly. 
a 1 . Breast black or brown; sides rufous . . . 587. Towhee. 
a 2 . Breast slate-color; sides the same, or brownish. 
567. Junco. 567e. Carolina Junco. 
b. Throat and breast not black or brown. 
6 1 . Throat and belly more or less yellow or ashy. 
6 2 . Wing over 4*00; bill stout, greenish yellow. 
514. Evening Grosbeak. 
6 3 . Bill small and sharp; back brown; throat yellowish. 
529. Goldfinch ($ and im.). 
6 4 . Body bright yellow, cap black . 529. Goldfinch (c? ad.). 
c 1 . Underparts pure white, middle of back black. 
534. Snowflake. 
B. Back streaked with black, brown, or white. 
a. Bend of the wing yellow; tail under 2*20. 
546. Grasshopper Sparrow. 
b. Breast black or blackish; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown. 
539. McCown’s Longspur 
c. Breast buffy; belly whitish; outer tail-feathers white, next three 
or four more or less white with a black band at the end ; seconda- 
ries not entirely white . . . 539. McCown’s] Longspur 9. 
d. Underparts entirely light brown or buffy, only two outer tail- 
feathers white; no yellow on the bend of the wing. 
537. Smith’s Longspur. 
e. Underparts pure white, with a blackish spot on the center of the 
breast, a black stripe on the sides of the throat; sides of the 
crown and ear-coverts chestnut . . 552. Lark Sparrow. 
/. Wing slightly over 4*00; underparts pure white or washed with 
rusty; head and rump white or rusty; most of secondaries white. 
534. Snowflake. 
2. Tail without large white spots or patches. 
A. Back plain, without distinct streaks. 
a. Back blue, bluish or brownish blue. 
a 1 . Wing over 3*00; lesser wing-coverts chestnut or with broad 
chestnut tips 597. Blue Grosbeak. 
a 2 . Wing under 3*00; lesser wing-coverts blue or bluish, tipped 
with light brown 598. Indigo Bunting. 
b. Back not blue. 
6 1 . Back green or greenish, or rump yellow or greenish yellow. 
6 2 . Mandibles not crossed. 
6 3 . Back greenish • ... • • .601. Painted Bunting 
