WOOD WARBLERS 
439 
white ; ear-coverts black ; inner webs of outer tail-feathers with white patches ; 
wing-coverts black, tipped with white; throat and upper breast black or 
black and white; sides streaked with black and white; middle of the belly 
white. Ad. 9 . — Similar, but the underparts with fewer black streaks; sides 
washed with brownish. Im. <?. — Similar to the 9 , but with more streaks on 
the underparts. L., 5'30; W., 2*73; T., 2*02; B. from N., *37. 
Range. — E. N. Am. Breeds in Canadian, Transition, and Austral 
zones from cen. Mackenzie, s. Keewatin, n. Ont., N. F., N. S., and N. B. to 
e. Tex., La., cen. Ala., and n. Ga., w. to S. D. and casually to Wyo., and 
Colo. ; winters from Florida southward. 
Washington, abundant T. V., less common S. R., Apl. 8-Oct. 18. Ossin- 
ing, common S. R., Apl. 18-Oct. 1. Cambridge, very common S. R., Apl. 
25-Sept. 5. N. Ohio, common T. V., a few S. R., Apl. 22-Sept. 26. Glen 
Ellyn, common T. V., Apl. 28-May 28; Aug. 11-Sept. 27. SE. Minn., com- 
mon T. V., uncommon S. R., Apl. 23-Oct. 12. 
Nest, of strips of bark, grasses, etc., lined with rootlets or long hairs, on 
the ground at the base of a stump, log, or rock. Eggs, 4-5, white, spotted 
and speckled with cinnamon-brown to umber, chiefly in a wreath at the 
larger end, *66 x *54. Date, Iredell Co., N. C., Apl. 18; New York City, 
May 18; Cambridge, May 18. 
None of our Warblers can be more readily identified than this con- 
spicuously marked creeper. It is generally distributed throughout wood- 
land, and climbs with even more agility than a true Creeper, hanging 
from the the under surface of branches and twigs, and flitting actively 
from tree to tree after apparently the most superficial examination. 
Its alarm note is a sharp pit , sometimes rapidly repeated. The usual 
song is a thin, wiry, see-see-see-see. 
1910. Stanwood, C. J., Journ. Me. Orn. Soc., XII, 61-66 (nesting). 
637. Protonotaria citrea ( Bodd .). Peothonotary Warbler. Ad. 
— Whole head, neck, and underparts rich orange, lighter on the belly; 
back greenish yellow, changing to bluish gray on the rump; w r ings and tail 
ashy; inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers white, except at tip; no 
wing-bars. Ad. 9 . — Similar, but yellow paler, belly with more white. L., 
5*50; W., 2*90; T., 1*85; B. from N., *42. 
Range. — E. N. Am. Breeds in Austroriparian fauna and along river 
bottoms of Carolinian fauna from ne. Nebr., se. Minn., s. Wise., s. Mich., 
Ohio, cen. Del., and e. Md. s. to e. Tex., and n. Fla.; winters from Nicaragua 
to Colombia; casual n. to N. Y., New England, Ont., and N. B., and w. 
to Ariz. 
Washington, of irregular occurrence in May. N. Ohio, one record, 
May 9. Glen Ellyn, rare, spring only, May 13-15. SE. Minn., common 
S. R. of Mississippi bottoms, May 7-Aug. 16. 
Nest, of rootlets, fine twigs, and moss, plant-down or feathers, in a hole in 
a stub or stump, generally of a willow tree. Eggs, 5-7, white, thickly and 
rather coarsely marked distinctly and obscurely with cinnamon-brown, 
chestnut, or rufous-brown, *69 x ‘56. Date, Charleston, S. C., May 3; 
Lewis Co., Mo., May 20; Mt. Carmel, Ills., May 8; Pierce Co., Wise., May 
31; se. Minn., June 1. 
This exquisite Warbler frequents bushes and low trees — particu- 
larly willow trees — hanging over the water. Its call-note so closely 
resembles that of a Water-Thrush ( Seiurus ), I have sometimes mis- 
taken it for that species. Its usual song, as Mr. Brewster remarks in 
his admirable biography of this species, “sounds at a distance like 
the call of the Solitary Sandpiper, with a syllable or two added — a 
