KINGLETS AND GNATCATCHERS 
489 
The Old-World Warblers are generally dull, olivaceous birds with 
ten, instead of the nine, primaries of our Mniotiltidce, with which, indeed, 
they have no close relationship. Many of the species are highly musical, 
whence the origin of the family name, a misfit when applied to the New- 
World Warblers, to which it was given because of their superficial 
resemblance to the Old-World forms, rather than for their musical en- 
dowments. The Kinglets and Gnatcatchers are typically represented 
by the species described below. 
KEY TO THE SPECIES 
A. With a bright-colored crest. 
a. Crest ruby, without black . 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Ad. <?.). 
b. Crest yellow, or orange and yellow, bordered by black. 
748. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
B. Without a colored crest. 
a. Back ashy blue; outer tail-feathers white. 
751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher. 
b. Back olive-green ; no white in tail. Ruby-crowned Kinglet ( $ and im. ) . 
748. Regulus satrapa satrapa Licht. Golden-crowned Kinglet. 
Ad. cf. — Center of crown bright reddish orange, bordered by yellow and 
black; a whitish line over the eye; rest of upperparts olive-green; wings and 
tail fuscous, margined with olive-green; tail slightly forked; underparts 
soiled whitish. Ad. $ . — Similar, but crown with- 
out orange, its center bright yellow, bordered on 
each side by black. L., 4*07; W., 2T4; T., 1*75; 
B., -28. 
Range. — E. N. Am. Breeds in Boreal zones 
from n. Alberta, s. Keewatin, s. Ungava, and Cape 
Breton Is. s. in Rocky Mts. to n. Ariz. and N. M., 
and to Mich., N. Y., and mts. of Mass., and in 
the higher Alleghanies s. to N. C.; winters from 
Iowa (casually Minn.), Ont., and N. B. to n. Fla. 
and Mex. 
Washington, abundant W. V., Sept. 30-Apl. 
27. Ossining, common W. V., Sept. 20-Apl. 28. 
Cambridge, very common T. V., not uncommon 
W. V., Sept. 25-Apl. 20. N. Ohio, common W. V., Sept. 26-May 4. Glen 
Ellyn, common T. V., irregular W. V., Sept. 19-May 8. SE. Minn., common 
T. V., Mch. 30- ; Sept. 21-Dec. 1. 
Nest , generally pensile, of green mosses, lined with fine strips of soft 
inner bark, fine black rootlets, and feathers, in coniferous trees, 6-60 feet 
from the ground. Eggs , 9-10, creamy white to muddy cream-color, speckled 
and blotched with pale wood-brown, and rarely, faint lavender, '55 x ‘44. 
(See Brewster, Auk, Y, 1888, 337.) Date, Grand Menan, N. B., May 24. 
Fig. 136. 
Kinglet. 
Golden-crowned 
(Natural size.) 
This Kinglet resembles in habits its ruby-crowned cousin, with 
which during the migrations it is frequently associated. Its notes, 
however, are quite unlike those of that species, its usual call-note being 
a fine, high ti-ti , audible only to practiced ears. In his extended account 
of the nesting habits of this species, as observed by him in Worcester 
County, Mass. (Auk. 1. c.), Mr. Brewster writes that its song “begins 
with a succession of five or six fine, shrill, high-pitched, somewhat 
faltering notes, and ends with a short, rapid, rather explosive warble. 
The opening notes are given in a rising key, but the song falls rapidly 
