1 877.] 
Animal Geography. 
53 
“ Ardtogaea,” — Ardtic land, a rather grotesque name for a 
stretch of country which would have to include the Cape of 
Good Hope, — we should have only three primary regions, 
nearly equivalent. The same author also suggests that the 
peculiarities of New Zealand may perhaps justify its claim 
to rank as a primary region. Mr. Murray, in his “ Geo- 
graphical Distribution of Mammals,” assumes four primary 
regions, — the Palaeardtic of Dr. Sclater, with the addition 
of the Sahara and Nubia ; the Indo- African, embracing 
Dr. Sclater’s Oriental and Ethiopian regions; the Australian; 
and the American, including South as well as North 
America. 
Mr. W. T. Blanford proposes to call the Oriental region 
of Mr. Sclater the Malayan, as being most highly developed 
in the Malay countries. He doubts whether India proper 
belongs to this region at all, and considers that it has de- 
rived a great part of its fauna from Africa. 
Mr. E. Blyth, basing his classification upon mammals and 
birds, seeks to establish seven primary divisions : — the 
Boreal, comprehending the Palaeardtic and Neardtic regions 
of Dr. Sclater, in addition to the West Indies, Central 
America, and the Andes down to Chili and Patagonia. Next 
comes the Columbian region, embracing the residue of South 
America. His Ethiopian region, in addition to Africa, com- 
prehends Arabia, the south of Syria, the plains and table- 
lands of India, and even the northern half of Ceylon. 
Next follows the Lemurian region, comprising Madagascar 
and the adjacent island groups. Mr. Blyth’s “ Austral- 
Asian ” region agrees with Dr. Sclater’s “ Oriental ” region 
if the greater part of India proper is cut off. Finally, Dr. 
Sclater’s “ Australian ” region is divided into two portions 
of equal rank — Melanesia, including Australia proper, New 
Guinea, and Celebes ; and Polynesia, comprising the South 
Sea Islands and New Zealand. 
Mr. J. A. Allen, again, assumes a “ law of circumpolar 
distribution of life in zones,” and divides the world into 
eight “ realms,” — the Ardtic; the North Temperate; the 
American Tropical ; the Indo- African Tropical ; the South- 
American Tropical ; the African Temperate ; the Antarctic ; 
and the Australian. The North Temperate is again subdi- 
vided into the American and the Europaeo-Asiatic regions ; 
the Indo-African into the African and Indian regions ; and 
the Australian into the Tropical Australian and the South 
Australian, with New Zealand. His other realms are not 
subdivided. 
It is evidently disheartening to see such an utter want of 
