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Notices of Books. 
397 
all the honour to the master under whom he had studied, lays 
his own labours at his feet. A mere translation it is not. The 
antiquities themselves have been carefully studied by Mr. Lee, 
who brings, from a variety of sources, information to bear upon 
them, and appears to have neglecfted nothing that he thought 
might afford help in their elucidation. He has done for the 
Lake Dwellers of Switzerland and Italy what Prof. Rupert Jones 
. — in his edition of Messrs. Lartet and Christy’s “ Reliquiae 
Aquitanicae ” — has done for the Cave Dwellers of France ; and 
it is instructive and suggestive to study the two works together, 
and to note the few points of resemblance and the many of con- 
trast in the two peoples who occupied Central Europe at far 
removed periods, and in that area appear never to have come in 
contact. That the lacustrine people did not differ in race from 
those who lived on the dry land is proved by the fact that the 
implements of stone and bronze found in graves and tumuli, and 
on the surface in parts where there are no lakes, are the same in 
material, form, and ornamentation as those obtained from the 
pile-dwellings. Articles of bronze, stone, horn, bone, and 
earthenware, exactly similar to those used by the lake dwellers, 
were found in a settlement on the mainland at Ebersberg. 
The people living on the land chose, for their settlements, po- 
sitions on the sides and crests of hills that offered facilities for 
defence. These were hill-forts, and so the settlements in the 
lakes may be considered water-forts ; the objecfl in both cases 
being safety against the attacks of neighbouring tribes. In the 
early history of mankind, as well as amongst the lowest of 
existing races, every small community was or is at enmity with 
neighbouring ones ; and so amongst these earliest neolithic 
settlers of Switzerland, some entrenched themselves on the hills, 
others in the lakes as far from the shore as they could drive 
their piles, and were the same people adapting themselves to 
the necessities of their surroundings. 
The lake settlements were formed by first driving piles into 
the sand or clay in shallow parts ; sometimes the piles were 
strengthened by cross timbers mortised into them, or by stones 
being brought from the land and heaped up around them. The 
tops of the piles were brought to the same level, and on them 
was formed a platform of small stems of trees, covered with 
mud, loam, and gravel. On this platform the huts of the settlers 
were reared. The walls consisted of upright posts, between 
which a wattle-work of small branches was interwoven, and the 
whole filled up and covered with clay. The roof was thatched 
with straw or reeds. 
A narrow bridge or platform, built on piles, connected the set- 
tlement with the shore. It might have been safer to have done 
without this, and to have kept up the communication by means 
of canoes only ; but the settlers stalled their cattle in the lake 
dwellings, and it would be necessary to have a more permanent 
