1876 .] The British Association. 549 
be wholly deposited, as flue-dust or soot, in the horizontal galleries, and would 
be available for the use of the agriculturist. 
In speaking of organic chemistry, Dr. Andrews said that the discovery of 
quinine had probably saved more human life, with the exception of that of 
vaccination, than any discovery of any age ; and he who succeeded in devising 
an artificial method of preparing it would be a true benefactor of the race. Not 
the least valuable, as it had been one of the most successful, of the works of 
our Government in India, had been the planting of the cinchona tree on the 
slopes of the Himalaya. As artificial methods were discovered, one by one, of 
preparing the proximate principles of the useful dyes, a temporary derange- 
ment of industry occurred, but in the end the waste materials of our manufac- 
tures set free large portions of the soil for the production of human food. 
M. Dumas’s method of destroying the Phylloxera , which lately threatened 
with ruin some of the finest vine districts in the South of France was then 
referred to. After a long and patient investigation, M. Dumas has discovered 
that the sulpho-carbonate of potassium, in dilute solution, fulfils every condi- 
tion required from an insecticide, destroying the inseCt without injuring the 
plant. 
The application of artificial cold to practical purposes was rapidly extending. 
The ice-machine was already employed in paraffin-works and in large brew- 
eries ; and the curing or salting of meat was now largely conducted in vast 
chambers, maintained throughout the summer at a constant temperature by a 
thick covering of ice. 
In completing his review, Dr. Andrews named the important work of Cayley 
on the “ Mathematical Theory of Isomers,” and to elaborate memoirs which 
had recently appeared in Germany on the reflection of heat- and light-rays, 
and on the specific heat and conduCting-power of gases for heat, by Knob- 
lauch, E. Wiedemann, Winkelmann, and Buff. 
The latter part of the Address was devoted to the subjects of University 
Education and the Endowment of Research. A University, or Studium 
Generate, ought to embrace in its arrangements the whole circle of studies 
which involve the material interests of society, as well as those which culti- 
vate intellectual refinement ; and if, in accordance with the spirit of their 
statutes, or at least of ancient usage, the Universities would demand from the 
candidates for some of the higher degrees proof of original powers of investi- 
gation, they would, Dr. Andrews holds, give an important stimulus to the 
cultivation of science. The example of manjr continental universities, and 
among others of the venerable University of Leyden, was mentioned, and two 
proof essays recently written for the degree of DoCtor of Science in Leyden 
—one by Van der Waals, the other by Lorenz, were referred to as works of 
unusual merit. 
With regard to the endowment of research, Dr. Andrews refrained from 
discussing the subject as a national question, but considered that the universi- 
ties ought never to be asked to give their aid to a measure which would sepa- 
rate the higher intellects of the country from the flower of its youth. It was 
only through the influence of original minds that any great or enduring 
impression could be produced on the hopeful student. Without original power, 
and the habit of exercising it, we might have able instructors, but we could 
not have great teachers. In every age of the world the great schools of 
learning have, as in Athens of old, gathered around great and original minds, 
and never more conspicuously than in the modern schools of chemistry, which 
reflected the genius of Liebig, Wohler, Bunsen, and Hofmann. These schools 
had been nurseries of original research as well as models of scientific 
teaching; and students attracted to them from all countries became enthusi- 
astically devoted to science, while they learned its methods from example 
even more than from precept. But while the universities ought not to apply 
their resources in support of a measure which would render their teaching in- 
effective, and would at the same time dry up the springs of intellectual growth, 
they ought to admit freely to university positions men of high repute from 
other universities, and even without academic qualifications. An honorary 
degree did not necessarily imply a university education ; but if it had any 
