zgo Deposits containing Flint Implements. [j uly, 
containing the remains of the mammoth, the woolly rhino- 
ceros, and their companions, with which the palaeolithic 
implements are so often found. Wherever, in Europe, the 
relation of these beds to the boulder clay can be clearly 
seen, they are of distinctly older age. Thus, in Russia, Sir 
Roderick Murchison has recorded the discovery of the bones 
of the mammoth and woolly rhinoceros, near Moscow, in 
reddish clay covered with erratic blocks, on the plains 
13 miles distant from the river.* And if we follow the 
northern drift southwards from Moscow, as I have done, we 
find it gradually changes from clay with boulders to the clay 
without boulders that covers the southern plains. Around 
the sea of Azof, cliffs of this glacial clay, 100 feet high, can 
be followed continuously for miles, and its junction below 
with the older beds is sharply defined. It rests on a fresh- 
water deposit containing shells of species of Unio, Cyclas, 
and Paludina , and at this horizon fragments of the tusks 
and bones of the mammoth are abundant, and are always 
undoubtedly older than the glacial clay. In a similar posi- 
tion the same remains have been found at Odessa and other 
places in the South of Russia. 
Nor has the theory of the post-glacial age of the remains 
of the mammoth remained unchallenged by eminent geolo- 
gists in England. Prof. Phillipst and Mr. Godwin AustenJ 
long ago recorded their conviction that they belonged to an 
earlier period than the deposition of the boulder clay, and 
that when they occur in newer beds they have been derived 
from an older formation. The remains are so plentiful in 
the caves of the North of England that it is certain that the 
mammoth and rhinoceros were abundant. Yet nowhere in 
the glaciated parts of the country have the bones been found 
excepting where preserved from the aCtion of the ice in 
caverns and fissures. 
Thus, in tracing the limits of the northern ice on the 
eastern side of England, I have found that Durham and 
Northumberland were probably completely overflowed by it, 
excepting the upper parts of the Cheviots, as pointed out to 
me by Mr. Richard Howse. The ice streamed through from 
the west, around the southern and northern flanks of the 
Cheviots, down the valleys of the Tyne and the Tweed, and 
when approaching the eastern coast was deflected to the 
south by the great mass of ice that occupied and was flowing 
down the bed of the German Ocean. In Yorkshire the ice 
* Geology of Russia in Europe, p. 650. 
t Ge< logy of Yorkshire, 1829, vol. i, , pp, 18 and 52. 
I Brit. Assoc. Reports, 1863, p, 68. 
