1876.1 Deposits containing Flint Implements . 291 
from the west was held back by the Pennine Chain, and did 
not coalesce with the German Ocean glacier, but stopped 
short, somewhere about an irregular line drawn from Keigh- 
ley, north-eastward to near the mouth of the Tees. The 
German Ocean glacier only, as it were, grazed the high land 
bordering the coast until it reached the northern shores of 
Norfolk that stood out across its track. A large portion of 
Yorkshire was thus never glaciated by land ice, and in this 
area remains of the great extindt mammals have been found 
in and below the lowland gravels, as at Leeds and Market 
Weighton ; but when we pass north-westward into the 
country where the striae on the rock surfaces bear witness to 
the passage of land ice, no such remains are found, excepting 
in caverns and fissures of the old rocks. 
The north-western side of England is much more glaciated 
than the north-eastern, and the mammalian remains have 
only been found where preserved in caves. The ice filling 
the Irish Sea reached to a height of 2000 feet on the western 
flank of the Pennine Chain. Probably reinforced from the 
westward it continued, in scarcely decreasing thickness, 
across the whole of Lancashire and Cheshire, and passed 
over into the drainage area of the Severn, down which valley 
it appears to have flowed for some distance. As soon as we 
get beyond its influence we again meet with mammalian 
remains in the lowland gravels, and in most of the southern 
valleys they are abundant. 
If the mammoth and its associates roamed as far as the 
north of England, and even into Scotland, after the glacial 
period, their remains ought to be found in the valley gravels 
of the glaciated districts. They are, however, absent, and 
if we should be led to infer from this that they lived before 
the glaciation of the country, and accept the conclusion of 
Prof. Phillips and Mr. Godwin Austen that the mammoth 
and the woolly rhinoceros lived before and not after the 
glacial period in Great Britain, we can scarcely refrain from 
going farther than these geologists and concluding that the 
makers of the palaeolithic implements were also preglaciah 
For no geological inference seems based upon sounder 
evidence than that palaeolithic man was contemporaneous 
with the mammoth and its associates. The implements of 
the one and the bones of the others are found together in 
the same stratum of the cave earth, and in all the numerous 
caverns that have been searched in England and Wales, 
there is no record of palaeolithic implements being found at a 
higher horizon ; when flint weapons do so occur they are 
invariably of the neolithic type. If geological evidence of 
2 F 3 
