72 
DR. W. KOWALEVSKY ON THE 
carpal and tarsal bones, I have represented the distal surface of the navicular (to which- 
the cuneiforms are attached) of the tridactyle form (fig. 19) and of the Paris Anoplo- 
therium (fig. 17); the navicular (fig. 18) is from the same locality as the tridactyle 
one ; and though undoubtedly belonging to a didactyle Anoplotherium , the intermediate 
facet for the second cuneiform still presents some development, while in the Paris spe- 
cimen it is exceedingly small and is even absent in some specimens ; indeed it seems that 
the second cuneiform, being very small, did not always touch the navicular ; and this led 
Cuvier into the erroneous belief that this bone was altogether wanting*. 
The manus and pes of Xiphodon (Plate XXXVII. fig. 3) present exactly the same 
peculiarities : though reduced to only two metacarpals and metatarsals, these two are 
in no way adapted more completely to the distal surface of the carpus, and are sup- 
ported only by their typical carpal and tarsal bones. The persistence of typical rela- 
tions is so great that even the rudiment of the second metacarpal, though a mere bony 
nodule, persists not only in its articulation with the trapezoid, but even with the radial 
facet of the os magnum (as seen in Plate XXXVII. fig. 3, n., m, t ), as truly as in the 
case of the complete second metacarpal in the four-toed foot of a Hippopotamus. 
In the pes, as far as I am able to see by the figures of Cuvier and De Blainville, the 
relation between the metatarsal and tarsal bones is quite such as we laid it down in 
our general scheme. There are three distinct cuneiforms ; the third metatarsal is sup- 
ported entirely by the third cuneiform ; and though there is only a small rudiment of 
the second metatarsal, nevertheless this rudiment has not surrendered its typical articula- 
tion, and retains the whole of the second cuneiform for itself ; the first cuneiform is arti- 
culated upwards with the scaphoid, touches the posterior part of the second cuneiform, 
and is articulated lower down with the rudiment of the second metatarsal, presenting in 
this way entire agreement with the typical structure of a Paridigitate tarsus f. 
Now, if we turn to Cuvier (Oss. Foss. v. 4to ed. p. 181), we shall see that he noticed 
the three cuneiforms in Xiphodon , calling only the first (marked e) “ osselet sur- 
numeraire he did not notice the true rudiment of the second metatarsal (De Blain- 
ville is entirely wrong in saying that there were only two cuneiforms, Anopl. p. 50) ; 
he did not describe or mention the rudimentary second and fifth metatarsal, though he 
very correctly noticed the corresponding bones in the metacarpus. 
After this brief notice of the structure of the metapodium in the fossil Paridigitata, 
we may proceed with the description of the same parts in Diplopus and Hyopotamus ; 
but I wish, before doing so, to take a short survey of the same part of the ske- 
leton in the remaining living representatives of the Paridigitate series, the Suidse and 
Ruminantia. 
* Passing through Paris, I tried to settle this question ; and in fact there exists in the ‘ Galerie de Pale- 
ontologie ’ a nearly complete foot with the three cuneiforms. It is in a block of gypsum, and placed high on 
the top of the wall-cases in the gallery. 
t I find on the posterior part of the distal articular surface of the cuboid of Xiphodon a small facet clearly 
destined for the rudimental fifth metatarsal. 
