LIEUT. -COL. A. E, CLABKE ON STANDAEDS OF LENGTH. 
447 
No. 10 is the royal cubit from the Temple at Karnak, which is in the British Museum, 
and which I measured, and found to be of the same length as is here given of No. 9. 
No. 10 is made of wood, as are also Nos. 8 & 9. But No. 5, now in Florence, is made 
of slate or schist, and a much higher value must be attached to its length than to the 
lengths of the three wooden ones, because, being of stone, it was not liable to alteration, 
as those made of wood were, during the 3500 years, at least, which must have elapsed 
since they were made. 
We cannot suppose for a moment that stone cubits were used by the artificers employed 
in building the ancient temples ; the workmen were supplied with the wooden double 
cubits, of which Nos. 9 & 10 are examples. 
These wooden cubits are divided, although apparently with a fine saw, with as much, 
or even greater accuracy than the generality of the measures with which the workmen 
of the present day are supplied. 
The stone cubits were probably preserved as standards, with the name of the reigning 
King engraved upon them, and referred to to verify the lengths on the wooden 
cubits. 
The length of this stone, royal cubit, 0 m, 5265 or 20728 inches, corresponds with my 
previously estimated length, 052646 = 20-727 ; and the length of the common cubit is 
0-46329 = 18-240. 
The royal cubit is divided into 7 palms of 2-961 inches, the common cubit into 6 palms 
of 3‘040 inches; and the mean is exactly 3 inches: the length of the English foot is 
consequently equal to the mean length of the ancient Egyptian common and royal foot, 
although it probably is so by accident only. — H. J., August 1873,] 
Comparison Apparatus. 
The Comparisons of Standards to be recorded in the present paper have been made 
in the same room, and with generally the same apparatus, as those described in a pre- 
vious paper read before the Royal Society, December 13, 1866. In that paper were 
given the results of the Comparisons of the Standards of England, France, Belgium, 
Prussia, Russia, India, and Australia ; in the present paper the results will be given for 
the Standards of Austria, Spain, America, the Cape of Good Hope, and a second Russian 
Standard. 
The general method of conducting the comparisons explained in the former paper has 
been adhered to with no material alterations. No kind of unsteadiness in the piers 
carrying the microscopes has at any time been noticed, nor in the mahogany beam 
carrying the bars under observation. The insulation of the flooring has remained 
perfect. 
Some little improvements, however, have been made. The candles were originally 
held in wooden conical holders, which rested immediately upon the cast-iron plates 
holding the microscopes. In moving the candle-holder, so as to keep the centre of the 
image of the flame on the dot, it seemed possible that a disturbance might be connnu- 
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