126 
PROFESSOR A. MACALISTER ON THE 
equinum, diadema, and speoris, Megaderma hjra ; of the Phyllostomidse, Artibeus jamai- 
censis and Vampyrops vittatus ; of the Vespertilionidse, Vespertilio murinus, Vesperugo 
pipistrellus, Scotophilus hesperus, NoctiUina altivolans, Plecotus auritus , Synotus barbas- 
tellus. These nineteen species will be seen to represent fully the variety of forms 
included in the order. For purposes of comparison I have also dissected Pteromys volans 
and Gcdeopithecus. 
As might be expected, a strong family likeness pervades the entire series ; the differ- 
ences are chiefly slight, though often suggestive, varieties of detail. 
Cutaneous Muscles. 
These do not form in any species a continuous sheet or panniculus, but consist of sepa- 
rated bands or slips in several regions, the principal of which are the following : — 
1. Platysma myoides superior (Plate XIII. fig. 4, b), which arises from the ramus of 
the mandible, from the integument over it, and from the angle of the mouth, usually con- 
tinuous with the depressor anguli oris ; passing backwards and downwards it is inserted 
into the anterior margin of the occipito-pollicalis (to be afterwards described), to which, 
however, it lies superficial. This muscle is large and strong in Eleutherura , Macro- 
glossus, and Pteropus , weaker in Cephalotes and the Phyllostomidse ; lies distinctly 
superficial to the occipito-pollicalis in the last named ; and in the species of Vespertilio , 
Vesperugo, and Scotopliilus it scarcely seems to be connected to it : it is very feeble in 
Plecotus and Megaderma. This muscle is the representative of the ordinary platysma of 
Man and the Chimpanzee ; it is figured as the cervico-fascien by Cuvier and Laurillard 
in Pteropus , and is described as the first part of the platysma by Professor Humphry 
(Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. iii. p. 299, 1869). 
2. Platysma myoides medius (Plate XIII. fig. 4, c) is a band of very variable strength, 
well marked in Cephalotes, Pteropus , and Eleutherura, feeble in Macroglossus, and absent 
in Vampyrops and Artibeus ; it arises from the middle line of the neck for its lower half, 
in front, passes outwards and backwards over the sterno-cleido-mastoid to be inserted 
with the last. In the Pteropidse it is not connected to the last described except at its 
insertion, but in Plecotus they form a continuous very feeble sheet ; and the same is the 
case in the Rhinolophidae, in which it is extremely thin. In Cephalotes and Eleutherura 
the muscles of both sides are continuous in the middle line, and form a strong, thick, 
red mesial band passing from shoulder to shoulder above the clavicles. This is the 
third part of the platysma of Professor Humphry ( loc . cit.). 
3. Platysma myoides inferior (Plate XIII. fig. 4, d) arises from the integument over the 
middle of the sternum, passes upwards and outwards to be inserted in common with the 
upper and middle platysmata. In Pteropus it arises opposite the lower part of the 
sternum ; in Cephalotes it is narrower and arises higher up. In this genus its fibres are 
not so oblique as those of the pectoral, and in their course they strongly remind one of 
the rectus sternalis in some of its forms, thus offering some shadow at least of evidence 
in favour of the theory put forward and supported by Wilde, PIallet, and Turner, that 
