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PROFESSOR A. MACALISTER ON THE 
inserted into the base of the nose-leaf, and in Cynonycteris is exceedingly feeble in its 
development. 
In Noctulina altivolans I found two small muscular bands which represented the dilator 
naris, anterior and posterior; I have not found them in any other Vespertilionine or 
Pteropine species. In the nose-leaf of Artibeus the same were present, but were much 
larger, passing from the integument of the side of the face to the nose-leaf; in that of 
Megaderma these were much more feeble. 
In Rhinolophus speoris the first-named pair of nasal muscles are on either side of the 
pouch, and thus can constrict it. 
The eye-muscles are also very simple ; the orbicularispal pebrarum (Plate XIII. fig. 3, d , 
& 5, h) is a single muscular ring attached to a tendo-oculi, and does not present any 
variation in any of the species. In Vampyrops a few fibres from its upper surface pass 
upwards and backwards into the anterior belly of the occipito-frontalis, making a sort 
of corrugator supercilii (Plate XIII. fig. 6,/"); an arrangement like this also exists in 
Megaderma , but I did not find it in any of the others. No other external eye-muscles 
were traced. 
The muscles of the mouth are usually well developed ; the orbicularis in all is a single 
muscular ring into which the other muscles are inserted ; zygomaticus minor I only 
found in Cephalotes (Plate XV. fig. 1, g) as a small fascicle above the major from the 
zygoma to the angle of the mouth. 
The zygomaticus major in Vampyrops (Plate XIII. fig. 6, j) exists as a wide band from 
the zygomatic arch to the angle of the mouth ; in almost all the other species, however, 
it existed as an auriculo-angular muscle, passing from the front of the ear to the angle 
of the mouth ; this is the case in the Noctule, Pipistrelle, Cephalotes (Plate XY. fig. 1, h ), 
Megaderma (Plate XIII. fig. 5, e), and others. In Macroglossus (Plate XIII. fig. 3, h) 
and Pteropus it is a true zygomatic with no ear-connexion. 
A levator anguli oris (Plate XIII. figs. 3,/', 5, o, 6, i) is present in all, arising from 
the maxilla in front of and beneath the infraorbital ridge; in Macroglossus this joins 
the zygomaticus. A depressor anguli oris and depressor labii inferioris combined exist in 
the lower lip, arising from the mandible and inserted into the orbicularis (Plate XIII. 
figs. 3, j, 5, l, 6, m). 
Levator labii superioris aleecjue nasi in Megaderma (Plate XIII. fig. 5, i, j ) is a 
remarkable and complex muscle, consisting of two slips crossing each other, the more 
superficial passing from above and in front of the inner angle of the eye to the upper 
lip, the deeper arising external and a little inferior to the former, and passing more 
horizontally to be inserted into the ala of the nose and the basal lobes of the leaf. 
This muscle in Vampyrops is represented by a single band (Plate XIII. fig. 6, h), starting 
from the inner side of the orbit and nasal bone. In the Pteropine Bats this muscle is 
thin, and has no nasal attachment (Plate XY. fig. 1, c ). 
The muscles of mastication are very variable in degree of development. The temporal 
is small in Plecotus, larger in Synotus, still larger in Noctulina, and proportionally 
largest in Pteropus edulis. The masseters are bilaminar in all, proportionally largest in 
