MYOLOGY OF THE CHEIEOPTEEA. 
153 
lowest border is the spermatic cord, which appears to pass under, not over, Poupart’s 
ligament ; but of this I am not sure. 
Rectus abdominis is the largest of the abdominal muscles, and is placed between the 
two before mentioned ; it arises from the pubis by a narrow fleshy head, rapidly widens 
and ascends to be inserted into the first rib in Pteropus, Macroglossus , Plecotus, Cephalotes , 
Eleutherura , Cynonycteris ; into the fourth, fifth, and sixth ribs in Vampyrops vittatus ; 
into the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh rib-cartilages in Artibeus. In the females 
a space intervened between the two recti above the pubis. Humphry (loc. cit. p. 302) and 
Meckel say that no tendinous intersections exist in this muscle ; but in Pteropus there is 
a complete intersection under the origin of the pectoralis quartus about half an incli 
below the ensiform cartilage. In Cephalotes there is one well-marked linea transversa 
immediately below the ensiform cartilage. In Eleutherura there is one partial line in 
this position, and a complete one a quarter of an inch above. 
Meckel describes this muscle as being inserted into the ensiform cartilage, into the 
cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs, and says that they send a wide straight slip to the 
humerus ; here he has evidently fallen into the mistake of regarding the pectoralis 
quartus as being connected with this muscle ; in no species is it connected to the ensi- 
form cartilage. 
Pyramidalis is very thin and small, only present in the large Pteropine Bats. Meckel 
states that it is absent, and, indeed, it is indetectable in the smaller species. Professor 
Humphry and I have found it very strong in Pteropus Edwardsii and edulis , its lower 
fibres being nearly transverse in the female. 
The diaphragm has a wide costo-xiphoid deficiency in Cephalotes , and is closely attached 
to the liver by a wide coronary ligament. The crura are very large, especially in Mega- 
derma ; the muscular fibres are long, the tendon in the centre small. Cuvier notices the 
great size of the crura, which are placed like a vertical fleshy septum in the abdomen. 
In Pteropus edulis this is especially the case. 
Quadratus lumborum is not absent as Cuvier supposes, but is long and thin, con- 
sisting of two sets of fibres, ilio-costal and ilio-lumbar ; the latter, as usual, internal and 
larger ; there are no lumbo-costal fibres ; the second set pass to the three upper lumbar 
vertebrae in Megaderma. In none of the other species does this muscle present any 
features of interest. 
Psoas parvus is present in all, and generally large, as Cuvier remarks (Lemons, i. p. 349). 
Meckel also notices its presence, and gives as its origin the first lumbar vertebra. In 
Noctulina it has a short muscular part and a long tendon. In Cephalotes it is much 
larger. In Megaderma it is very thick, short, and fleshy for its whole extent. Its 
insertion in all is into the prominent spine of the pubis. In all its origin is limited to 
one or two vertebrae ; Humphry gives two or three dorsal and the same number of 
lumbars, and says some fibres are continuous into the pectineus. I was, however, able 
with care to separate it from this muscle in all my specimens. 
