WEIGHT AND SUPPORT IN SHIPS. 
449 
maximum hogging-moment in still water. In the wave-hollow the deep immersion of 
the extremities and the less immersion of the middle leads to the following distribution 
of the weight and buoyancy. For the first 120 feet of the stern an excess of buoyancy 
of 695 tons, for the next 160 feet amidships a defect of buoyancy of 1380 tons, for the 
next 110 feet an excess of buoyancy of 695 tons, and right forward a very small excess 
of weight (10 tons on about 10 feet). The remarks previously made respecting the 
similar distribution on the 600-feet wave apply to this case also, and need not be repeated. 
Our chief interest centres in the determination of the maximum shearing-force and 
sagging-moment. The former amounts to 695 tons, and the latter to 74,800 foot-tons. 
As in the previous case, the section of maximum bending-moment falls nearly amid- 
ships, and the figures show that the sagging-strain (fig. 21) is a little more than one 
half the hogging-strain incidental to support on the wave-crest (fig. 20), while it is consi- 
derably greater than the still-water strain. These comparative results may be summarized 
approximately as follows : — 
‘Minotaur’ type. Strains under various conditions. 
Still Water. 
On Wave-crest. 
In Wave-hollow. 
Maximum shearing-force 1 
-r- displacement. J 
Maximum bending-moment 1 
-r- displacement X length. J 
l 
2 2 
ITS (hogging) 
l 
7 
As (hogging) 
l 
1 4 
-h (sagging) 
By means of these proportions it is possible to approximate to the amounts of the 
bending-moments and shearing-forces in other ships of the type when their displace- 
ments and lengths are known; only it is necessary to remember that in many cases the 
results obtained must be regarded as strictly limiting values, on account of the fact that 
in the ‘ Minotaur’ the excesses of weight at the extremities for still water and the fine- 
ness of form are both extremely great. 
Passing on to the second typical ship, the ‘ Victoria and Albert,’ we will suppose her 
to be balanced on the crest of a wave of her own length (300 feet) and 20 feet high 
from hollow to crest. This height has been taken because it bears nearly the same pro- 
portion to the length as that of the 400-feet wave on which we supposed the ‘ Mino- 
taur’ to be balanced, and fairness of comparison between the conditions of strain in the 
two types is thus ensured. Under these circumstances careful calculations, of which 
the results are recorded in Plate XIX. fig. 22, Plate XX. fig. 23, and Plate XXI. fig. 24, 
show that the additional immersion of the middle body does away altogether with the 
excess of weight existing there in still water, while the decreased immersion of the ends 
leads, of course, to an increase in their excesses of weight. In short, on the wave-crest 
the condition of this ship becomes similar to that of the ‘ Minotaur' in still water. At 
the bow the excess of weight amounts to 220 tons, and at the stern to 185 tons, while 
