194 
Ridler . — The Fungus present in 
life-history and parasitism of Eocronartium muscicola , (Fries) Fitzpatrick, 
which he had found to occur chiefly on Climacium americanum , but which 
had also been collected on Anomodon rostratus, Leskea obscura , L.polyantha , 
Thuidium delicatulum, T. minntulum , A7nblystegium serpens , A. v avium, 
A. riparium, Brachythecium oxycladon , Climacium dendroides. C. K indbergii, 
Entodon sednctrix , Hypnurn chrysophyllum , Plagiothecium Muellerianum , 
and Pylaisia intricata. 
Servattaz (1913) recorded the occurrence of Oospora in connexion with 
the protonema of Phascum cuspidatum , Schreb. 
Schimper (1858) and Warnstorff (1886) had observed the presence of 
numerous small spores in capsules of Sphagnum , among the spores of the 
moss. These they considered to be male spores. Nawaschin (1892) proved 
that these so-called ‘ microspores * were in reality spores of the fungus 
Tilletia sphagni. Warnstorff noted similar spores in capsules of Pallavicinia 
Lyellii , (Hook.) Gray. Cavers confirmed this observation (1903), and noted 
that the spores were abstricted from hyphae of the fungus and were 
therefore true conidia. 
The occurrence of fungal hyphae in the tissues of Hepaticae was first 
described by Leitgeb, who observed that young sporogonia of Ptilidium 
ciliare , (L.) Hampe, were frequently infested by the mycelium of a fungus. 
Cavers (1903) recorded the occurrence of fungal mycelia in the sporogonia 
of Lophocolea bidentata , (L.) Dum., Radida complanata , (L.) Dum., Cephalozia 
bicuspidata , (L.) Dum., and Plagiochila asplenoides , (L.) Dum. In the last v 
two, fungal hyphae have also been observed in the gametophyte (see below). 
According to Cavers, fungal hyphae enter the fertilized archegonium from 
above, grow down the neck-canal, and, in some cases, enter the venter and 
pierce the egg. Infected sporogonia in these instances were usually 
imperfectly developed and remained abortive. If the capsules matured 
the cavities were filled with a mass of interlacing hyphae in which were 
embedded numerous small spherical bodies abstricted from the hyphae, 
and therefore regarded as conidia. 
Kny (1879) observed that the rhizoids of Marchantia and Lunutaria 
were frequently traversed by fungal hyphae. These possessed cross- 
walls, and occasionally branched, but did not reach the thallus tissue, 
except in plants growing on rich humus, when they entered the thallus and 
ramified through it. * 
Stahl (1900) referred to the occurrence of mycprhiza in the Bryophyta. 
He considered that a real symbiosis may exist in the case of Calypogea 
Trichomanes , (L.) Corda, and in other Jungermanniaceae, as plants harbour- 
ing hyphae appeared to be larger than plants possessing none. He 
indicated that the presence or absence of fungal hyphae might be deter- 
mined by the soil, as plants growing on soils rich in humus contained more 
hyphae than plants growing on other soils. Stahl suggested that an actual 
