195 
Pellia epiphylla , (Z.) Cor da. 
or a physiological shortage of water in the soil might lead to the presence 
of fungi in the thallus of Musci. Writing of the Hepaticae he connected 
the formation of starch in the thallus of the Marchantiaceae with a highly 
developed transpiratory organization and the complete absence, or at any 
rate meagre development, of a mycorhiza. In the case of the Junger- 
manniaceae he connected the formation of sugar in the leaves with low 
transpiratory activity and the extensive occurrence of mycorhiza. Since 
Stahl’s paper was written, numerous examples of the presence of endo- 
trophic fungi among the members of the Marchantiaceae have been recorded 
by Beauverie, Cavers, and Golenkin, and it is probable that the occurrence 
of fungi in the latter group is at least as frequent as in the Junger- 
manniaceae. 
Beauverie (1902) described a fungus inhabiting the thallus of Fegatella 
conica , Corda. In this case the fungus produced both conidi a and chlamydo- 
spores. Beauverie also suggested that a definite symbiosis existed, by 
means of which the life of the Fegatella plant became to a large extent 
saprophytic. Both in the plant and in cultures the fungus agreed closely 
with Fusarium. 
Cavers (1903) described a fungus in the thallus of the New Zealand 
liverwort, Monocle a Forsteri. He found the fungus present in a sharply- 
defined zone of from two to four layers of cells in the thicker median 
portion of the thallus. The nuclei of the infected cells grew in size and 
became surrounded by tufts of short hyphal branches ; the cells all 
contained chloroplastids, some of which also became surrounded by fungal 
hyphae. Large spherical vesicles, many of which had thickened walls, also 
occurred as in Fegatella. The fungus was not identified. 
Golenkm (1902) described endotrophic mycorhiza in Marchantia 
palmata , Marchantia pale ace a, Preissia commntata , Nees, Targionia hypo- 
phylla , L., and Plagiochasma elongatum , as well as Fegatella conica , Corda. 
The hyphae in all cases were confined to the compact ventral tissue. The 
cells retained their nuclei and cytoplasm but contained no starch or 
chlorophyll. Golenkin suggested that the function of the fungus in these 
instances was to store water, thus rendering the plants more resistant to 
drought. Cavers pointed out that Fegatella ' and Monoclea are both 
hygrophyllous forms, and therefore this hypothesis seemed improbable. 
Fungal hyphae have also been observed in the vegetative organs of 
many of the foliose J ungermanniaceae, including Calypogea trichomanes, (L.) 
Corda, Lepidozia reptans , (L.) Bum., and Lophozia bicrenata , (Schmid.) 
Dum., by Nemec ; and in Scapania nemorosa y (L.) Bum., Diplophyllum 
albicans , (L.) Dum., Bazzania trilobata, (L.) Gray, Porella platyphyllum , 
Lindb., Cephalozia bicuspidata , (L.) Dum., and Plagiochila asplenoides , (L.) 
Dum., by Cavers.. The two last also possess fungal hyphae in their sporo- 
phytes as noted above. 
