298 Dr Fleming on the Influence of ‘ Society on the 
hippopotamus in great plenty ; two kinds of deer ; two kinds of 
elephants ; the ox ; together with land and fresh-water shells. 
In the loose strata of sand, gravel, and clay, the remains of 
quadrupeds, such as have already been mentioned, occur in 
abundance. The Irish elk has been found in such circumstan- 
ces at Walton, in Essex. In many districts of England, the re- 
mains of the mammoth, rhinoceros, horse, ox, deer, hippopo- 
tamus, and hyaena have been detected. In Scotland, two ex- 
amples of the elephant have occurred ; the first was found at 
Greenhill sandstone quarry, near the Water of Carmel, in the pa- 
rish of Kilmaurs, Ayrshire, in January 1817. Two tusks and 
some small bones were found 17 J feet below the surface, imbed- 
ed in clay * *. The substance of the bed, at a distance from the 
remains, was of a light brown colour, but in its immediate neigh- 
bourhood it was of a dark brown colour, and emitted a most 
offensive smell, {Mem. Wern. Soc. vol. iv. p. 64.). It has been 
stated, that several marine shells were found along with these 
relics, in the dark coloured earth ; but the names of the species 
have not been mentioned, nor any specimens produced to justify 
the assertion. The second instance occurred to the workmen 
in digging the Union Canal. At the west park of the estate of 
Cliftonhall, in the county of Edinburgh, on the 18th of July 
1820, a large tusk was found in a thick bed of clay, 15 or 20 
feet below the surface, {Ih. p. 60.) In the same kind of clay or 
till, as it is provincially called, and at no great distance, viz. on 
the estate of Bonnington, Edinburghshire, the workmen, in ex- 
cavating the canal, found a copper battle-axe, {Eclin. Phil. 
Journ. vol. vi. p. 357.) It was imbedded four feet deep in the 
bed of clay, which was covered with seven feet of sand and nine 
of moss -J-. 
The strata in which these relics have occurred, are termed 
by Mr Bald 4 4 Old alluvial cover, 11 and by many English mi- 
neralogist 64 Diluvium, 11 in the belief that it was formed at the 
universal deluge. The proofs, however, of the propriety of 
the latter term, and of the hypothesis with which it is connect- 
* A portion of one of the tusks is preserved in the Edinburgh Museum ; the 
other is in the possession of the Earl of Eglinton. — Edit. 
*f* We question the accuracy of the statement referred to in the text.— Edit. 
