92 
PROFESSOR WOOD ON THE NECK- AND SHOTTLDER-MH S OLE S. 
In connexion with this abnormality I would also place, as a lateral displacement, the 
variety recorded by R. Wagner as an irregularity of the trapezius , viz. an accessory 
muscle passing from near the mastoid process to the acromion process under the last- 
named muscle ( op . cit. S. 337). 
Comparative Anatomy. — If we now turn to the homologies of the foregoing muscular 
varieties in the Mammalia, we shall find a correlation between these several developments 
sufficiently striking and suggestive. 
It was asserted by Meckel, against the opinion of Cuvier (Anat. Comp. vol. vi. p. 236), 
that in the lower mammalia the cervical portion of the serratus magnus was the most 
usual homological representative of the lower divisions of the levator anguli scapulae of 
Man and the higher Quadrumana ; extending usually as high only as the transverse 
process of the third cervical vertebra, it becomes, in most of these animals, continuous 
with the upper border of the thoracic serratus , at the last cervical transverse process. In 
the Badger and Weasel among the Carnivora, the Rabbit and Surmulot among the 
Rodents, and in the Bonnet-Monkey of the lower Quadrumana, I have found an areolar 
separation of the cervical from the thoracic part more decided than that between the 
other digitations, a division which becomes in the higher Quadrumana still more evident. 
Occipito-scapular Muscle. — In 1775 Dr. James Douglass described in the Dog, under 
the name of the “ levator scapulae minor vel posterior ,” a muscle separate from but in 
the same layer as the rhomboids, arising from the occiput near its crest, superficial to the 
splenius, and inserted in connexion with and above the rhomboideus minor into the upper 
angle of the vertebral border of the scapula. Under the name of the “ levator scapulae 
major vel anterior ,” he also described, in the same animal, a ribbon-shaped muscle, 
arising from the first cervical transverse process, and inserted into the scapular spine 
near its outer end. In these two muscles we have evidently the homologues of the 
opposite extremes of the human varieties before described, and represented by the fully 
formed occipito-scapular and levator clavicular. The homologue of the former was 
described by J. E. Meckel, under the name of the rhombdide anterieur , as a separate 
muscle, reaching from the angle of the scapula to the occiput, in the Magot and Lemurs, 
and forming one sheet with the rhomboids in the Coati. In the Insectivora he describes 
it in the Mole and Hedgehog as a separate muscle, and in the Armadillo as joined with 
the rhomboids. In the Carnivora he describes it in the Marten, Potto, Bear, Hyeena, 
Badger, Dog, and Cat, usually united to the other rhomboids and reaching as far as the 
occiput. In the Rodents he describes it in the Beaver, Porcupine, and Marmot, partially 
separated from the other rhomboids in the first, but united to them in the two latter; 
and he also describes it in the latter condition in the Didelphis marsupialis (Anat. Comp, 
vol. v.). In Cuvier, Laurillard, and Mercier’s magnificent ‘ Receuil de Planches de 
Myologie’ (Anat. Comparee, Paris, 1855), this muscle is figured under the name of the 
“ rhombdide de la take ” as large and separate from the other rhomboids in Callithrix , 
Magot, Papio Mormon , Coati, Sajou, and Marmoset. In the Lion it is represented as 
continuous with the other rhomboids ; but it constitutes a separate muscle in the Panther, 
