DR. J. CLELAND ON THE VARIATIONS OF THE HUMAN SKULL. 
123 
average of the French skull. The Kafir, the Negro, the Australian*, the Greek, and 
the French skulls show little difference in this proportion, their averages varying from 
2*61 : 1 in the first to 2'67 in the last. The Irish have the proportion highest, 2‘89 : 1; 
and next them come the Chinese*, closely followed by the German, 2*80, and these by 
the Hindoo, 2*78. The highest proportion found among the Irish skulls, it will be 
observed, exceeds the average proportion in infants. 
Proceeding to analyze the effect of sex on the proportion of the arch to the base, it 
appears that in five out of seven nationalities, in which several skulls have been examined, 
one or more of which have been females, either the highest or lowest extreme of propor- 
tion is in a female ; and the cause of this is that in the female the base-line is almost 
always short, ■while the extent of the arch is in some instances as great as in the male, 
and in others diminished to a greater proportional extent than is the base. To clear the 
averages from the disturbing effects of the introduction of a varying number of female 
skulls in different nationalities, and to exhibit the peculiarities of sex now stated, a Table 
has been made exhibiting the average proportion of arch to base-line in males and females 
separately. 
* In order to obtain a sufficient number of measurements by which to judge of the proportions of arch to base, 
and of the parts of the arch, in Chinese and Australian skulls, the writer has availed himself of the “geometrically 
drawn ” figures given by Lttcae in his work ‘ Zur Morphologie der Rassenschadel,’ and made on them measure- 
ments the results of which have been combined with the measurements given in the General Table, in estimating 
averages, and are therefore here given. The columns are numbered the same as the corresponding columns in 
the General Table. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
6. 
7. 
8. 
9. 
10. 
11. 
12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 
Ltjcae, XXI. 7, Chinese from Java, with Javan blood 
4-4 
5-5 
5- 
14-9 
5-7 
2 61 
80 
90 
3-9 
5- 
4-4 
78 
88 
„ XXI. 5, 
4-3 
5-9 
5- 
15-2 
5-4 
2-81 
72 
84 
3-7 
5-1 
4-4 
72 
86 
„ XXL 3, 
41 
5-6 
4-9 
14-6 
5-1 
2-86 
73 
87 
3-7 
4-8 
4-4 
77 
91 
,. XXI. 6, ,, ,, with Javan mother 
4- 
5-4 
5-2 
14 6 
5-2 
2-80 
74 
96 
3-5 
4-7 
4-5 
74 
95 
„ XXI. 8, Pure Chinese 
4 3 
5 3 
5-3 
14-9 
5-2 
2-86 
81 
100 
3-8 
4-7 
4-7 
80 
100 
Chinese, 85 of the General Table 
4-8 
4-8 
4-8 
14-4 
4-8 
300 
100 
100 
3-95 
4-3 
4-2 
91 
97 
Average 
431 
5-41 
5 03 
14-76 
5-23 
2-82 
80 
92 
3-75 
4-76 
4-43 
78 
92. 
Lucae, XXII. 10, Australian male 
4-3 
51 
5-2 
14-6 
5-4 
2-70 
84 
101 
3-5 
4-6 
4 5 
76 
97 
XXII. 11, „ „ 
4-6 
5- 
55 
15-1 
5-5 
2-74 
92 
110 
3-8 
4-6 
4-7 
82 
102 
XXII. 12, „ 
4- 
5-3 
4-3 
13-6 
5-4 
2 53 
75 
81 
3-5 
4-6 
3-9 
76 
84 
.. XXII. 9, „ 
4-6 
5-2 
47 
14 5 
5-5 
2-63 
88 
90 
3-6 
4-6 
4-2 
78 
91 
I. a 322, ,, female 
3-8 
5-3 
4-3 
134 
4-9 
2-73 
71 
81 
3-4 
4-7 
3-8 
72 
80 
Australian, 72 of the General Table 
4-4 
5-2 
4-9 
14-5 
5 5 
2-63 
84 
94 
3-7 
5- 
4-3 
74 
86 
73 „ 
4-25 
51 
4-9 
14-25 
5-4 
2-63 
83 
98 
3-5 
4-7 
4*5 
74 
95 
Average 
4-27 517 
4-82 
14-27 
5-37 
2-65 
82 
93 
3-57 
4-68 
4-27 
76 
90 
It must not be forgotten that four of Lucae’s Chinese skulls are from persons with Javan blood by the 
mother’s side. 
