124 DE. J. CLELAND ON THE YAEIATIONS OF THE HUMAN SKULL. 
Numbers 
measured. 
Males. 
Numbers 
measured. 
Females. 
Arch. 
Base. 
Pro- 
portion. 
Arch. 
Base. 
Pro- 
portion. 
Esquimaux 
2 
13-85 
5-6 
2-47 
French 
6 
14- 
5-36 
2-61 
3 
13-96 
5- 
2-79 
Hindoo 
3 
14-2 
5-1 
2-78 
Greek 
5 
14-2 
5-3 
2-69 
Negro 
5 
14-3 
5-52 
2-58 
2 
14-3 
5-15 
2-77 
Scotch 
4 
14-36 
5-3 
2-70 
2 
14-85 
5-3 
2-78 
Australian 
6 
14-42 
5-45 
2-64 
1 
13-4 
4-9 
2-73 
Kanaka 
1 
14-6 
5-5 
2-65 
1 
14-7 
5* 
2-94 
Chinese 
6 
14-77 
5-23 
o*g2 
German 
5 
14-82 
5-24 
2-82 
3 
13-73 
4-96 
2-76 
Kafir 
3 
15-06 
5-66 
2-65 
1 
13-5 
5-3 
2-54 
Irish 
6 
15-23 
5-23 
2-91 
3 
14-56 
5-1 
2-85 
This Table shows constant shortness of base-line in the female, while the arch is only 
sometimes shorter than in the male. The proportion of arch to base-line is usually 
larger in the female skulls examined than in the male, as is held to be the rule by 
Welcker and Eckek ; but in the German, Irish, and Kafir skulls, in which this is not 
the case, the reason is that though the base-line is shorter than in the male, the arch 
differs still more from the male arch. 
The Table also brings out more distinctly than before the very large proportion of 
arch to base in the Irish, which will probably be found to be a marked and general 
national character. It further shows that the proportion of arch to base in a nation 
may vary from either arch or base-line deviating from the average, or from deviation 
of both ; and therefore probably the actual length of these measurements is of more 
value than the proportion of one to the other. The most striking and altogether remark- 
able fact is that in uncivilized nations, while the length of the arch is very variable, the 
length of the base-line is always great. Thus in length of arch the three Kafir skulls 
exceed all other skulls in the foregoing Table, with the exception of the Irish, but the 
Kafir base-line exceeds the Irish by not much less than half an inch. In the Esquimaux 
skull 77, and the Carib skull 88, both of them skulls of most savage type, the base-line 
reaches the extraordinary length of 5 ‘9. In only one European skull, the French 24, 
has a base-line of 5*7 occurred, while in only two others, the French skull 22, and the 
Scotch skull 38, it has amounted to 5'6. The low proportion of arch to base in the 
French skulls depends on a concurrence of a long base-line with a short arch, three out 
of the six males having the base-line 5 '5 or more, and four of them having the arch 13'8 
or less. The Irish, German, and Chinese skulls very closely agree in average length of 
base-line ; but the Irish have greater proportionate extent of arch, because in them the 
arch is absolutely greater, reaching as it does to a greater length than has been obtained 
in any other skulls in the series. The shortest arch and shortest base are found united 
in the Peruvian skull 78 ; the Scotch skull 37 has as short an arch, but its base-line is 
longer. 
In only one out of the fifteen female skulls examined does the base-line reach to 5*4, 
