130 
DR. J. CLELAND OR THE VARIATIONS OE THE HUMAN SKULL. 
skull 10 it is small, and makes the cranial curve likewise exceptionally small. Scarcely 
any national distinction can be determined from the present measurements in respect of 
levelness and steepness of base, both conditions being met with in most of the national 
lists ; but it may be noted that all the three Hindoo skulls have marked steepness of base, 
and this is one of the elements which make those skulls shorter and higher than most of 
the others. 
The averages of the basal angles in females show in the Table in each case a somewhat 
greater levelness of base than the males of the same nation. Some of the most level 
bases belong to females, and are accompanied with great cranial curve. As illustrations 
of this, the French and German female skulls 25 and 34 maybe mentioned; and it 
may be remarked that in this, as in many other matters, a specially feminine character 
may be seen to be given to a skull by the persistence of the form of childhood. 
The following list of skulls in which the cranial curve is 1 7 4°, or a smaller amount, will 
serve to show that very frequently a slight cranial curve is combined with more than 
average steepness of base. The most marked instances in which this is not the case can 
be somewhat explained away. Thus in the Greek skull 46 the slightness of the cranial 
curve, as well as the length of base, depends on a peculiar idiosyncrasy which will be 
made the subject of comment hereafter (p. 165) ; the compressed and flattened American 
skulls 95 and 96 owe their want of curvature, as will be subsequently shown (p. 167), to 
the mode in which they have been deformed; and in the synostotic skull 89 the same 
arrest of the forward growth of the cranium which has caused the brain to push the roof 
of the skull upwards, has caused it to push the base downwards in the region of the 
orbito-basilar angle. 
Numbers in 
General Table. 
Description. 
Base-line. 
Cranial curve. 
Foramino- 
basilar angle. 
46 
Greek 
5*6 
172 
142 
63 
Negro 
5-7 
170 
139 
64 
Negro 
5-4 
174 
138 
68 
Kafir 
5-8 
165 
128 
69 
Kafir 
5-7 
168 
137 
77 
Esquimaux 
5-9 
164 
129 
81 
Spaniard ... 
5’5 
172 
126 
S3 
Turk 
5-1 
174 
133 
86 
Maori 
3-7 
167 
126 
88 
Carib 
5-9 
171 
125 
89 
Synostotic French 
5” 
172 
140 
93 
Hunchback 
5-35 
169 
126 
93 
Compressed Chinook ... 
5*3 
173 
141 
96 
Flattened American ... 
4-95 
166 
144 
This list also shows that slightness of cranial curve is usually an accompaniment of 
long base-line ; the Turkish skull is, however, a good example of slightness of curve and 
short base-line going together ; and it is fair to note that in the French skull 22 there 
is a marked instance of a long base-line and a more than average cranial curve going 
together. 
