DE. J. CLELAND ON THE VARIATIONS OE THE HUMAN SKULL. 
147 
sloping forwards than perpendicular.” This is brought out in the diagrams by the large 
size of the angle of the tuberosity in the Kanaka skulls and its small size in the Maori. 
In addition to this difference and connected with it, must be noticed the large orbito- 
frontal angle and small midfrontal angle of the Maori, contrasting with the small orbito- 
frontal and large midfrontal angle of the Kanaka ; for all these differences are summed 
up in this, that the arch in the Kanaka is pushed back over the base-line, and in the 
Maori is pushed forward. 
It is to be regretted, however, that the same considerations which led Retzius to in- 
clude the Sandwich-Islanders in the brachycephalic group did not lead him to admit 
the Hindoos also. For although the Hindoo skull is certainly dolichocephalic, according 
to the criterion derived from proportion of breadth to length, it is nevertheless short 
and high, and possesses the peculiarities of occipital bone characteristic of brachycephalic 
skulls, namely, commencement of the upward slope immediately behind the foramen 
magnum, flatness of the subcutaneous portion, and indistinctness of tuberosity, to which 
may be added almost constant want of symmetry in the occipital plate. It has greater 
height of forehead and greater proportion of total height compared with length than 
the Kanaka, and has more of the characters of the brachycephalic skull than the New- 
Zealander. The affinity of the Hindoo skull with the brachycephalic group was well 
brought out by the comparison of the parietal with the occipital, occipito-parietal, and 
frontal depths. Reverting to that comparison, it may be said that the small proportion 
of the occipital, occipito-parietal, and frontal depths to the parietal depth, together with 
the flatness of the midfrontal angle, in the short-headed Americans and Sandwich- 
Islanders shows a brachycephalism dependent on a natural antero-posterior compression 
of all the regions of the skull, and not of the occipital region only: from these the 
Hindoos differ only, as regards profile, in having a slightly higher forehead, while the 
Maori and the Greeks have the forehead both high and prominent, and have the occi- 
put more prominent at the tuberosity. The Maori and Greek forms may be looked 
on as links between complete brachycephalism and the dolichocephalism of the negritic 
races and the west of Europe respectively. 
Of course, this allusion to the Greek skull is to be held as merely referring to them 
as they are illustrated in the few examined. While the occurrence of brachycephalic 
skulls among the Greeks is indubitable, it is not to be forgotten that the dolichocephalic 
form has been suggested as the normal one in that nation ; but it may be allowable to 
suggest the possibility that while the proportion of breadth to length may be variable, 
the profile view may perhaps adhere to the brachycephalic type. Of the five Greek 
skulls measured, only one has a dolichocephalic profile, and in that instance it is, as will 
be shown, the result of idiosyncrasy. 
If it be too late now to restore the terms dolichocephalic and brachycephalic to a 
broader meaning than has latterly been given to them, and if skulls must needs be 
grouped according to the indications of some single proportion, the proportion of height 
to length will probably be a better basis on which to proceed than the proportion of 
