150 
DR. J. CLELAND ON THE VARIATIONS OF THE HUMAN SKULL. 
and Scotch, equal to what it is in the French, and slightly greater than in the German; 
the average distance of the occipital tuberosity is less than the average obtained in any 
instance in which two or more adult skulls are compared, with the exception of the 
Peruvian and Kanaka. If the adult proportional distance of the occipital tuberosity 
from the ear be taken as 62, then if the midparietal radius in both adult and infantile 
form be again estimated at 5 inches, the distance of the occipital tuberosity from the 
ear will be 3T in the adult and 2 ‘8 in the infantile form, giving a difference of ‘3 of an 
inch. It would appear, therefore, comparing the infant skulls with the Scotch and 
Irish adults, that the shape of the arch is elongated in the passage to adult life by its 
anterior limb and, to a less extent, its posterior limb opening out round a part extending 
from in front of the midparietal point to behind the occipito-parietal suture. But if 
it be assumed that in all nations the infantile form is nearly the same (and on this point 
there is no accurate information), it would appear that the opening out of the posterior 
part of the arch is sometimes confined to the neighbourhood of the occipital tuberosity, 
for example, in the French, German, Hindoo and Greeks, while sometimes the whole 
arch may open up more and more from the occipital tuberosity forwards, for example, 
in the Kanaka and Peruvians. 
National skulls, compared in respect of the radial distances, may be conveniently 
arranged in four groups. 
The first group, with the radii both in front and behind the midparietal point short, 
includes the brachycephalic Americans, the Kanaka, and the Hindoos ; and the French 
incline to that group. 
The second group, with the radii both in front and behind the midparietal point 
long, includes the Australians, Esquimaux, and Negroes ; and the Kafir lies on the 
borders between this and the next group. 
The third group, with the radii behind long and those in front short, includes the 
Scotch and Irish, Chinese and Maori. 
The fourth group, with long radii in front and short radii behind, includes the Greeks 
and Germans. 
Proportional length of radii from the ear, 
reckoned 100 
the midparietal radius being 
Actual 
Radii behind the midparietal 
Kadii in front of the midparietal 
mid- 
parietal 
To occipital 
Mid- 
Occipito- 
Fronto- 
Mid- 
nioUin,. 
Fronto- 
radius. 
tuberosity. 
occipital. 
parietal. 
parietal. 
frontal. 
nasal. 
56 
75 
86 
95 
91 
83 
70 
3-05 
52 
67 
79 
97 
88 
80 
75 
4-8 
54 
70 
82 
100 
96 
88 
81 
4 8 
58 
71 
81 
102 
99 
86 
82 
4-53 
00 
75 
83 
98 
98 
89 
84 
4 51 
65 
79 
86 
104 
104 
96 
90 
4-3 
63 
79 
87 
103 
103 
95 
89 
4-4 
62 
77 
86 
101 
102 
97 
87 
4-51 
63 
77 
86 
101 
100 
93 
85 
4-65 
63 
79 
86 
99 
96 
85 
81 
4-6 
64 
79 
86 
99 
100 
90 
82 
4-56 
63 
79 
88 
97 
95 
87 
81 
44 
62 
77 
85 
104 
100 
87 
81 
4-8 
59 
71 
82 
103 
102 
91 
8(5 
4 56 
5U 
73 
83 
101 
102 
91 
84 
4-56 
First group 
Second group 
Third group 
Fourth group 
4 Infants 
' 2 Peruvians 
2 Kanaka . . . 
3 Hindoo ... 
9 French 
2 Australian 
2 Esquimaux 
7 Kegro 
k 4 Kafir 
f 8 Scotch 
I 9 Irish 
1 Chinese ... 
, 1 Maori 
| 5 Greek 
1 8 German ... 
