DR. J. CLELAXD OX THE VARIATIONS OE THE HUM AX SKULL. 
159 
given by the angle of cranial curve. It differs from that angle, however, in that appa- 
rently it is not affected by sex. The cause of this seems to be that while the cranial 
curve is greatest in the female sex, females have also shorter faces than males, and the 
one difference counterbalances the other. The arrangement according to the size of 
the foramino-palatal angle separates the European from other skulls more completely 
than the cranial curve does. 
Average. 
Extremes. 
Esquimaux 
198 
189 and 207 
Peruvian 
1991? 
191? 
208 
Kafir 
.20U 
193 
216 
Negro 
202f- 
197 
212 
Kanaka 
202 i 
195 
210 
Australian 
204 
202 
206 
Hindoo 
206 
201 
212 
Greek 
206f 
202 
213 
Scotch 
208-f- 
198 
216 
French 
21 Of 
202 
216 
German 
212| 
201 
219 
Irish 
214f 
210 
220 
Relations of the upper jaw to the ear (columns 54, 55, 62, 63, & 68). — The line 
from the postauricular depression to the nasal spine is in many instances exactly equal 
to the line from the same point to the fronto-nasal suture ; much more frequently 
it exceeds it, doing so to the greatest extent when the ear is high above the level of 
the foramen magnum and the elements of prognathism are present ; while occasionally 
in the Irish, German, and Scotch skulls it falls considerably short of it. The worst fault 
of Camper’s facial angle is that the anterior line is rested on the glabella instead of the 
fronto-nasal suture, and thus an element is made to operate on its size which has really 
nothing to do with the conformation of either face or cranium, but is a mere local acci- 
dent. If it be modified by drawing one line from the postauricular depression, and the 
other from the fronto-nasal suture, to meet at the nasal spine, an angle will be obtained 
which will vary according to the same circumstances as regulate the proportionate 
length of the lines from the postauricular depression to the fronto-nasal suture and nasal 
spine. On the whole, the absolute difference between these two lines is the simplest 
register of the information. Four circumstances influence the comparative length of 
these lines, as also the size of the facial angle now described ; they are : — first, the 
height of the ear above the level of the foramen magnum ; secondly, levelness or steep- 
ness of base, and the extent of the foramino-optic line ; thirdly, the length of the face 
from the fronto-nasal suture to the nasal spine ; and fourthly, the size of the orbito- 
nasal angle. The accompanying diagram (p. 160) makes these points clear, and also 
illustrates that a certain amount of projection forwards of the nasal spine has a much 
greater effect than the same amount of elongation downwards, both in diminishing the 
facial angle and in increasing the distance from the ear to the nasal spine. 
