174 
DR. J. CLELAND ON THE VARIATIONS OF THE HITMAN SKULL. 
92, anomalously large skull. 
93, skull of a hunchback; clissecting-room specimen. 
94, skull of an idiot, who died in Morningside Asylum. 
95, compressed Chinook skull from Columbia River. 
96, flattened Carib or other skull, allowed to grow unlimitedly in breadth. 
Explanation op Plates XII.-XXI. 
Fifty-seven of the ninety-six skulls whose measurements are given in the General 
Table are represented in the Plates, and are there distinguished by the same numbers 
as in the Table; the letter/ 1 being added in the case of female skulls. The first five, 
namely, four foetal skulls and the skull of an infant at birth, are represented full size ; 
all the rest are reduced to half-size. The cranial area in each case is divided by lines 
into frontal, parietal, upper occipital, and lower occipital parts; and the number of 
degrees in a few of the more important angles is expressed in figures to assist the eye in 
comparing different forms. Also the positions of the upper and lower borders of the 
orbit are in most cases expressed by a line uniting those two points ; the position of the 
upper extremity of the temporo-malar suture is indicated by the lower end of a short 
curved line, above which the maximum breadth between the zygomatic arches is stated ; 
and a straight line is drawn from the point where the greatest depth of the cranium 
occurs to the position of the greatest breadth in the course of the coronal suture, termed 
the frontal breadth, the amount of breadth at these two points being indicated at the 
extremities of the line. 
To give the diagrams framed from measurements greater completeness, the curve of 
the arch was obtained by means of a lead wire pressed against the skull, and then care- 
fully laid on the diagram ; and the curves so obtained are reproduced in the Plates. 
This method, together with other useful hints, was recommended to the writer by Dr. 
Hector, now of New Zealand ; and it is right to state that the recommendation was 
given previous to the appearance of Huschke’s work, in which the same method is 
described. Used with care the lead wire gives details of the arch curves not easily 
otherwise obtained. Those instances, however, in which tracings of vertical sections 
have been secured show that the points settled by measurement are more accurate than 
the indications of the lead wire. 
In Plate XXI. the figure of skull 91 has been obtained entirely by means of measured 
points and the lead wire, without the assistance of a vertical section. The views of the 
skulls of animals in this Plate are taken from tracings of vertical sections, and the names 
of the animals are mentioned in the Plate. 
