56 
Having now shewn the return, which— on an average of soils with the most ap- 
proved present practice, and with every natural obstacle to cultivation, surmountable 
by industry, removed it is possible to obtain in favorable seasons; it remains to 
describe the modes of cultivation which, from want of capital, from local impediments 
increased by that want, and too frequently from indolence in the cultivator, are adopt- 
ed by the majority of the ryots. The original cost of clearing , it will be held in mind, 
is always presupposed. 
BY THE TAJAK OR PARANG .— 20 ORLONGS. 
Seed time. — Hire of coolies with tajak to cut bushes and 
destroy weeds 
Samai or plants 
# J- “ ..t * * * 
Planting @ 60 cents an orlong ... 
Drs. 
40 
10 
12 
Total, Sp. drs. 
Harvest. — 4 men watching from seed time to harvest, ... 8 
Reaping with the renggam @ 10 per cent, paid in kind on 
the s Pot, ... _ ... ... ... 42 
Carrying home and housing @ 6 per cent., ... ... 20 
Cost of granary estimated @ 5 drs. a year, ... ... 5 
62 
75 
Quit-rent averaged as before 
Interest on outlay 
Produce averaged as before — value, 
Yearly net profit, after recovery of capital, 
Total Sp. drs., 
*37 
15 
8 
160 
... 420 
Drs.,... 260 
PINJAK-AN OR TIJAK KERB A U . 
In this method of cultivation, the ryot hires a herd of buffaloes and turns them 
into the flooded land. They are there driven about until all the weeds and orass are 
fairly trodden deeply under the mud. The hire of a herd of 50 buffaloes amounts to 
about 1 2 bp. drs a day, and they will prepare 2 or longs daily. The expense 
is bp. drs. 30 for the 20 orlongs. r 
. . ot ^ er ex pe ns es must be calculated as before. The saving in labor, compared 
with tlie tajak method, will not perhaps exceed io dollars, but ihe o-ain bv a larger 
crop will perhaps be considerable. The expense of tending a herd of 50 buffaloes if 
kept for the above purpose, would be 75 Sp. drs. a year. But when carts come into 
more general use, as roads are, extended, the combining of other employment for 
buffaloes with agriculture will no doubt be introduced more universally. 
HUM A. 
In this dry cultivation the jungle is cut down and burned, and holes being imme- 
diately made in the virgin soil with a sharp stake, four or five seeds of pad! are 
droppec into each, but are not covered with earth. This cultivation is often mixed 
with that of Indian corn, sesame, cucumbers, melons and gourds and pulses. The cost 
of clearing and cultivating one orlong will be about 12 Sp. drs. the first year 
and for the third year, (the second being unproductive) about 10 drs. The aver- 
age produce tor the first year is reckoned about the same as that of semai land. It 
falls oft afterwards, as neither the plough or manure are applied. 
The Malays cut with the renggam on lands where the sickle might be used. In 
addition to the reason before assigned for this expensive process, namely that the 
grain does not from being mixed perhaps, ripen all together, they object to' the sickle 
because a good deal of gram is lost by falling out while being cut. There may be 
some truth in he first objection and its cause might in time be removed. In regard 
to the second, the loss by shaking is a mere trifle, compared with the enhanced exptnse 
incurred by rejecting the sickle. r 
Jt appears, therefore, that by judicious management, capital expended is returned 
within the second year, the seasons being propitious ; leaving a balance of profit in the 
cultivation of 20 orlongs of about 70 Spanish dollars. But it is obvious that were the 
are capital to be recovered and no more, within such a short time, the speculation 
would be a very favorable one where capital had no other more advantageous outlet. 
