59 
Rent in kind , &C. 
Owner’s or landlord s share, 
Tenant's share, none, 
Labour and stock, 
4th 
Poor Land. 
Labour at 10 pice per day and stock, &c., 
Return in produce, 
Scarcely repaying the outlay. _ 
But as before observed, poverty or other reasons will induce ryots to value their 
own labour at a much lower rate, when employed on their own account, than when 
sold to another, so that it might be difficult to fix the exact limit where cultivation 
would cease. 
By the Malayan method on which the above scale is grounded, we have a rate 
of rent in kind, and profits combined, which it is believed no land can yield in 
England. 
In some cases the landlord gives a nail , or the tenth part of a kvncha , about half 
a dollar's value, to the cultivator, who then clears and plants. 1 he young ciop is 
then marked out into two equal portions. Each party takes one, and each watches 
his own, cuts the crop and houses it. 
By this method the landlord may perhaps obtain a little more than one-third of 
the gross produce value. 
"At other times the landlord gives an advance of four or five gantangs for seed 
to the cultivator on whom devolves all the charges of cultivation ; when the crop 
becomes ripe it is equally divided while standing on the field, and each party cuts 
and carries away his own half. 
****** * 
In some parts of China the owner gets 60 per cent, of the produce, the rate of 
wages being about 8 cents of a dollar. Two crops are taken and each individual 
bunch of rice is manured during its growth. The labourer occasionally gets 50 chee 
or brass coins (1050 nearly to one Spanish dollar) and his food as daily wages. I he 
Chi nese assert that, in this way, an or long would yield 1 koyan and 160 gan tangs 
of padi. 
In a previous part of this Paper it has been shewn that the population, altho' 
chiefly agricultural, is yet supplied with numerous other sources of gain than that 
derived from the soil. So long as these keep open, and increasing cultivation draws 
more largely on the labouring class to supply the new ranks of farmers, the price of 
labour will not fall below, but probably rise considerably for a while, above its present 
aveiage rate. 41 
Were these sources cut off, which is a very improbable supposition, the chances 
being in favor of an increase to them, the labor market would be so glutted as to 
reduce the price of labour to the lowest possible scale. For those who now live com- 
fortably, and even for natives luxuriously, on the means derived from these sources, 
in addition to the produce of their land, would be thrown for subsistence entirely on 
that produce. 
******* 
Harvest, Food, &c. 
Women are the principal reapers or rather pluekers of the grain-fields ; hut when 
the more expeditious way of reaping by the sickle is substituted, men will be most 
useful. At present, a very expert reaper can cut 50 genial in a day. A gemal is as 
many of the upper parts of the rice stalk, with ears attached, as may be grasped by 
one hand. Of this quantity the reaper never receives less than 10 per cent, and often 
more. But at this rate he will get about yi chupahs of paddy or 35- of rice, the value 
of which will vary from 8 to 12 cents. A family of five persons, at an average of only 
30 gemal each daily, can, by unremitting labor during the two harvest months, at the 
above percentage, obtain rice enough for six months’ consumption, or ample loorl, by 
exchanging a part of this, of the usual descriptions, for three months, including rice, 
fn this case, labour might be considered dear, and so it would be, had the poorer Ja- 
bouier the option of constant work. 
A Malay is frugal in his diet. Fish is his chief animal food, and he seldom in- 
dulges in buffalo flesh, except on anniversaries, marriages, and other occasions of re- 
joicing, But lie is, nevertheless, of an extravagant turn, and fond of dress. 
* * * * L * * * 
Gantangs of Paddy, 
160 
■ ■ 1 • • * 
l6o 
Gantangs , ... 320 
Dollars,... 8 
GantangSj,.. 200 
