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(a) Hand pressed oil is extracted from the rind of 
the fruit in a special machine before crushing in 
the factory and (b) distilled lime oil is obtained 
from the raw juice by a preliminary distillation of 
the raw juice before evaporation in the preparation 
of concentrated juice. 
Uses of Fresh and pickled limes are used for 
Commercial the preparation of cooling drinks and 
Products. for flavouring purposes ; raw lime juice 
is used in the manufacture of lime- 
juice syrups and cordials. Citric acid, produced 
from citrate of lime, is used largely in connection 
with the textile and dyeing industry and in the 
manufacture of other fine chemicals, while the essen- 
tial oils are employed in perfumery, as a flavouring 
for essences and confectionery, and in the prepara- 
tion of scented soaps. 
Citric Acid. Until recently the product of the fruit 
was exported from the West Indies in 
the form of raw juice, concentrated juice or citrate 
of lime, but attention is now being directed to the 
manufacture of citric acid in estate factories. 
Citric acid is usually prepared by treating the 
citrate of lime with sulphuric acid, sufficient acid 
being added to convert the whole of the calcium 
citrate or citrate of lime into free citric acid, which 
remains dissolved, leaving the calcium sulphate 
formed in the reaction as an insoluble sludge. The 
solution of citric acid is filtered from the insoluble 
calcium sulphate sludge in mechanical filters, and 
the crystals of citric acid are obtained by evaporating 
the clear solution to a concentration at which the 
crystals will separate from the solution on cooling. 
The exact point is usually determined by means of 
hydrometers. 
